Corresponding author: David C. Culver (
Academic editor: O. Moldovan
Culver DC (2016) 23rd International Conference on Subterranean Biology. Subterranean Biology 19: 65–85. doi:
The 23rd biennial International Conference on Subterranean Biology was held on the campus of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville from June 13 to June 17, 2016. As is usual for these meetings, there was a strong international representation, with 125 participants from 17 countries, including for the first time, a strong group from the People’s Republic of China. It was the first meeting held in the United States and only the third meeting in the Americas (previous meetings were in Brazil and Mexico). It was also the first meeting covered by a reporter from
The results of the evolutionary play are of course species, and the description of new species has long been a strength in the research reported at these meetings, and given the high endemism of the subterranean fauna, it has long been the primary activity of speleobiologists. This meeting was no exception, with reports of new species descriptions and diversity patterns from around the world, including Australia (Cooper, Harms, Perina), Brazil (Ferreira, Soares, Souza) and China (Tian), all are areas of high, but largely undescribed, subterranean species richness. Phylogeography, a strong theme in the past several conferences, continues to be a prominent research topic, with an entire session devoted to it. Both the number of genes sequenced and the breadth of the taxa analyzed continues to grow. This was especially noteworthy in Trontelj’s presentation on the evolutionary history of the very large amphipod genus
One of the newer approaches to research on evolution of cave animals is that of evolutionary developmental biologists, who analyze particular pathways of development of troglomorphic features, such as eye and pigment loss, and identify individual genes responsible for the changes. A theme of these talks was that there is often a tradeoff between a reduced feature, such as eyes, and elaborated features, such as tastebuds (Jeffery, Ma). While the debate between the relative roles of selection and genetic drift continues, there are more and more examples of selection, even in unlikely systems such a melanin loss. Bilandžija showed that blockage of melanin production can lead to adaptive behavior changes resulting from increased levels of catecholamine. Many of the talks about the Mexican cavefish
Just as our understanding of the evolutionary play in the subterranean world has grown by leaps and bounds, so has our understanding of the ecological theater. The scope of the theater itself was subject of a number of talks, including the presence of troglobionts and stygobionts in wetlands (Gottstein), sinkholes (Lewis), wells (Hahn, Siemensmeyer), calcrete (Cooper, Harms, Humphreys), scree slopes (Rendoš), canga (Soares), and deep caves (Borko). As usual, efficient sampling of the subterranean fauna remains elusive, but the technique of environmental DNA analysis has proved very useful in locating new sites of the black
The mapping of subterranean biodiversity continues to be a hot topic, with several presenters (Ferreira, Reboleira) identifying caves with ten or more troglobionts and/stygobionts, the number ten being used by
There is perhaps no more fundamental question about the ecological theater of subterranean organisms that what subterranean organisms eat. Several talks (Hutchins, Engel) pointed to the growing recognition of the importance of chemoautotrophy.
The subterranean ecological theater is, by definition, dark. Yet, many, but not all, cave organisms avoid light; a few are indifferent to it. The response to light among different groups is perplexing but interesting, and not just due to differences in time since isolation in the dark. A surprising number of talks focused on this topic (Fišer, Fong, Worsham).
Conservation of the subterranean fauna was an overarching theme as well. Not only were there several sessions devoted explicitly to conservation, including an update on White-nose Syndrome, which affects many North American cave dwelling bats (Watson), many speakers in other sessions pointed to the vulnerability and rarity of the subterranean cave fauna. The most eloquent plea for speleobiologists to redouble their efforts at protection was that of Dante Fenolio, when he introduced his new book,
One of G. Evelyn Hutchinson’s favorite sayings was that everything was relevant to an ecologist except perhaps the irregular Greek verbs. The meeting seemed to cover almost everything except the irregular Greek verbs, and one person’s summary only weakly conveys the richness and diversity of the presentations. A list of oral presentations given at the meeting follows and abstracts of these and the posters can be found at
A number of participants remarked positively about the large number of students and post-doctoral fellows in attendance. This was made possible by the generosity of several donors, which, on behalf of the Steering Committee, I wish to acknowledge:
Den and Sheila Roenfeldt family
Cave Conservancy of the Virginias
Cave Conservancy Foundation
Crustacean Society
International Society of Subterranean Biology.
Abris, Mattheus Imcon1; Palanca, Mishael Grace1; De Leon, Marian P.2;
Banaay, Charina Gracia B.*1.3
1 Environmental Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
2 Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
3Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
Aspiras, Ariel1; Tabin, Cliff1; Rohner, Nicolas*2
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
2Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
Barjadze, Shalva*1; Baquero, Enrique2; Soto-Adames, Felipe3; Giordano, Rosanna3; Jordana, Rafael2
1Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia
2Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
3Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States
Bastos-Pereira, Rafaela*; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes
Study Center on Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Bercea, Silviu1; Nastase-Bucur, Ruxandra1; Kenesz, Marius1;
Constantin, Silviu2; Moldovan, Oana Teodora*1
1 Department of Cluj, Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2 Department of Geospeology and Palentology, Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Bucuresti, Romania
Bilandžija, Helena
Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Biospeleological Society, Zagreb, Croatia
Borko, Špela*; Delić, Teo; Trontelj, Peter
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Boyd, Olivia F.*1; Johnson, Jarrett2; Philips, T. Keith2
1Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
2Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States
Carlini, David B.
Department of Biology, American University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
Colatskie, Shelly*; Elliott, Anthony
Missouri Department of Conservation, Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center, 11715 Cragwold Road, Kirkwood, Missouri 63122, United States
Cooper, Steven John Baynard*1,2; Tierney, Simon Martin1; Hyde, Josephine Charlotte Anne1; Saint, Kathleen Margaret2; Bertozzi, Terry1,2; Austin, Andrew Donald1; Humphreys, William Frank3
1Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
2Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
3Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
Culver, David C.1; Christman, Mary C.2; Doctor, Daniel H.3; Niemiller, Matthew L.*4; Weary, David J.3; Young, John A.5; Zigler, Kirk S.6
1Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
2Departments of Biology and Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, and MCC Statistical Consulting LLC, Gainesville, Florida, United States
3U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, United States
4Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States
5U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, United States
6Department of Biology, The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, United States
Cunanan, Dianne Jaula*; Husana, Daniel Edison
Environmental Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
Delić, Teo*; Trontelj, Peter; Fišer, Cene
Subterranean Biology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Dumnicka, Elzbieta*; Galas, Joanna
Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. A. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
Elhottová, Dana1; Kováč, Ľubomír*2; Nováková, Alena3; Chroňáková, Alica1; Mock, Andrej2; Krištůfek, Václav1; Mulec, Janez4; Lukešová, Alena1; Ľuptáčik, Peter2; Parimuchová, Andrea2; Papáč, Vladimír5; Miklisová, Dana6; Fenďa, Peter7; Jászay, Tomáš8; Košel, Vladimír9
1Biology Centre ASCR, v. v. i., Institute of Soil Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
2Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
3Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
4Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Postojna, Slovenia
5State Nature Conservancy SR, Slovak Caves Administration, Rimavská Sobota, Slovakia
6Institute of Parasitology SAS, Košice, Slovakia
7Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
8Šarišské múzeum, Bardejov, Slovakia
9Hornádska 24, 821 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
Eme, David1,2; Zagmajster, Maja3; Delić, Teo3; Douady, Christophe1; Fišer, Cene3; Flot, Jean-François4; Galassi, Diana M.P.5; Konecny-Dupré, Lara1; Marmonier, Pierre1; Stoch, Fabio5; Zakšek, Valerija3, Malard, Florian*1
1UMR 5023 LEHNA, University of Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, Villeurbanne, France
2Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
3Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
4Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
5Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
Engel, Annette Summers
Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
Fenolio, Danté
Conservation & Research, San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, Texas, United States
Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes
Study Center on Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes*; Souza-Silva, Marconi
Study Center on Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes1; Souza-Silva, Marconi1*; Fišer, Cene2; Zagmajster, Maja2; Prevorčnik, Simona2; Sket, Boris2
1Center of studies on Subterranean Biology, General Zoology sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
2Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Fišer, Žiga*; Trontelj, Peter
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Fong, Daniel Wu*1; Wanner, Maria J.2
1Department of Biology, American University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
2Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States
Friedrich, Markus*1,2; Kulacic, Jasmina1
1Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
2Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Friedrich, Markus
Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Gabriel, Ana E.*1; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A.1; Brewer, Shannon K.2; Stark, Richard3; Niemiller, Matthew L.4; Fenolio, Dante B.5
1Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
2U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
5San Antonio Zoo
Gilmore, Terrence1; Lavoie, Kathleen*1; Helf, Kurt2; Poulson, Thomas3
1Biological Sciences, State University of New York College at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, New York 12901
2Cumberland-Piedmont Network, National Park Service, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky 42259
3318 Marlberry Circle, Jupiter, Florida, United States
Gorički, Špela*1; Stanković, David1,2; Năpăruș-Aljančič, Magdalena1; Snoj, Aleš3; Aljančič, Gregor1
1Tular Cave Laboratory, Society for Cave Biology, Kranj, Slovenia
2Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
3Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Gottstein, Sanja*1; Brigić, Andreja1; Kerovec, Mladen1; Ternjej, Ivančica1
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Gross, Joshua
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 312 Clifton Court, Rieveschl Hall Room 711B, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0006, United States
Halse, Stuart
Bennelongia Environmental Consultants, 5 Bishop Street, Jolimont, Western Australia 6014, Australia
Harms, Danilo*; Halse, Stuart; McRae, Jane; Scanlon, Michael; Curran, Michael
Bennelongia Environmental Consultants, 5 Bishop Street, Jolimont WA 6014, Australia.
Hart, Pamela*; Burress, Edward; Armbruster, Jonathan.
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
Humphreys, William F.
Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia; School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
Humphreys, William F.*1,2; Humphreys, Garth 2,3
1Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
2School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
3Biota Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, PO Box 155, Leederville, Western Australia 6903, Australia.
Husana, Daniel Edison*1; Haga, Takuma2; Kase, Tomoki3
1Environmental Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
2Toyohashi Museum of Natural History, 1-238 Oana, Oiwa-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-3147, Japan
3Invertebrate Paleontology Division, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0005 Japan
Hutchins, Benjamin T.*1,2; Engel, Annette Summers3; Nowlin, Weston H. 2; Schwartz, Benjamin F.3,4
1Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin Texas, United States
2Texas State University, Aquatic Station, Department of Biology, San Marcos, Texas, United States
3University of Tennessee, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
4Edwards Aquifer Research and Data Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States
Hutchins, Benjamin T.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, United States
Jeffery, William
Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
Keany, Jenna*1; Culver, David1; Knee, Karen1; Fong, Daniel2
1Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
2Department of Biology, American University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
Kirchner, Sandra*1,2; Sattmann, Helmut3; Plan, Lukas4; Krenn, Harald1;
Victor, Reginald5; Haring, Elisabeth1,2; Kruckenhauser, Luise2
1Department for Integrative Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
2Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
3Third Zoological Department, Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
4Department for Geology & Paleontology, Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
5Department of Biology, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Muscat 123, Oman
Kozel, Peter*1,3; Pipan, Tanja1; Culver, David2; Šajna, Nina3; Polak, Slavko4; Novak, Tone3
1Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Postojna, Slovenia;
2Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Slovenia
4 Zavod Znanje, OE Notranjska Museum Postojna, Slovenia
Leray, Vincent L.1; Zigler, Kirk S.*2; Friedrich, Markus3
1American University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
2University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, United States
3Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Lewis, Julian J.*; Lewis, Salisa L.
Lewis and Associates LLC, 17903 State Road 60, Borden, Indiana, United States
Lukić, Marko*1,2,3; Delić, Teo3; Zagmajster, Maja3; Bedos, Anne4; Deharveng, Louis4
1Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
2Croatian Biospeleological Society, Zagreb, Croatia
3Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
4Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR7205 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
Ma, Li*1; Stahl, Bethany1,2; Adams, Hannah1; Gross, Joshua1
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
2Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States
Moore, Patrick Ryan*; Morris, Keith; Rolland, Virginie; Risch, Thomas Stephen
Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
Nair, Parvathi*1; Nowlin, Weston1; Diaz, Pete2
1Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States
2US Fish and Wildlife Service, San Marcos, Texas, United States
Niemiller, Matthew L.
Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States
Nowlin, Weston H.*1; Loney, Lauren1; Hutchins, Benjamin2; Schwartz, Benjamin F.3
1Department of Biology, Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States
2Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, United States
3Edwards Aquifer Research and Data Center/Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos,Texas, United States
Oliveira, Marcus Paulo Alves*; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes
Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
O’Quin, Kelly E.*1; Doshi, Pooja2; Lyon, Anastasia1; Hoenemeyer, Emma1;
Yoshizawa, Masato3; Jeffery, William R.2
1Biology Program, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, United States
2Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
3Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Orndorff, William David
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Natural Heritage Program, Richmond, Virginia, United States
Paterson, Audrey T.*1; Iliffe, Thomas M.2; Bracken-Grissom, Heather3; Pérez-Moreno, Jorge L.3; Porter, Megan4; Gonzalez, Brett C.4; Engel, Annette Summers1
1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
2Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States
3Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University-Biscayne Bay, North Miami, Florida, United States
4Marine Biology Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Perina, Giulia*1,2; Huey, Joel2; Camacho, Ana3; Horwitz, Pierre1; Koenders, Annette1
1Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
2Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
3Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Dpto. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Madrid, Spain
Phillips, John G.*1; Fenolio, Dante B.2; Emel, Sarah L.1,3; Bonnett, Ronald M.1
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
2San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, Texas, United States
3Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Polak, Slavko*1; Delić, Teo2; Trontelj, Peter2
1Notranjska museum Postojna, Institute Znanje Postojna, Kolodvorska cesta 3, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia
2Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Porter, Megan Linnay*1; Yew, Joanne 2
1Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
2Pacific Bioscience Research Center, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Poulson, Thomas L.
318 Marlberry Circle, Jupiter, Florida, United States
Powers, Amanda*; Davis, Erin; Kaplan, Shane; Gross, Joshua
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Mojaddidi, Hafasa1; Klein, Emily2; Trontelj, Peter3; Protas, Meredith1*
1Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, United States
2Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, United States
3Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S.
Natural History Museum of Denmark (Zoological Museum), University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark.
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Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S.*1,2; Fernandes, Maria Jesus3; Martins, Olímpio3
1Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
2Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
3Parque Natural das Serras de Aire e Candeeiros, Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, I.P., Portugal
Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S.*; Enghoff, Henrik
Natural History Museum of Denmark (Zoological Museum), University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
Rendoš, Michal *1; Raschmanová, Natália 1; Miklisová, Dana 2; Mock, Andrej1; Ľuptáčik, Peter1; Kováč, Ľubomír1
1Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
2Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
Sawicki, Thomas R.*1; Stine, Michael2; Long, Richard A.3
1Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee Florida, United States
2Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Biological Sciences, North Florida Community College, Madison, Florida, United States
3Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee Florida, United States
Schwartz, Benjamin1,2; Nice, Christopher1; Jenson, Aubri*1
1Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States
2Edwards Aquifer Research and Data Center, San Marcos, Texas, United States
Siemensmeyer,Tobias*1,2; Schwenk, Klaus2; Hahn, Hans Jürgen1
1Institute for Groundwater Ecology IGE GmbH, University of Koblenz Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
2Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
Simon, Scott*; Slay, Michael E.
Arkansas Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, 601 North University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
Soares, Gustavo*; Andrade, Renata; Perroni, Gustavo
Instituto do Carste, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Souza, Maysa Fernanda Villela Rezende*; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes
Study Center on Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Spengler, Cornelia; Hahn, Hans Jürgen*
University of Koblenz Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
Stephen, Charles Donald Robert*1; Niemiller, Matthew Lance2; Bond, Jason Edward1
1Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
2Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States
Sutton, Michael*1; House, Scott2
1Cave Research Foundation, 5544 CR204, Annapolis, Missouri 63620, United States
2Cave Research Foundation, 1606 Luce Street, Cape Girardeau Missouri 63701, United States
Švara, Vid*1; Delić, Teo1; Coleman, Charles Oliver²; Fišer, Cene1
1Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
²Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
Taiti, Stefano*1; Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli1,2
1Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Florence, Italy
2Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Carcinologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Throneberry, Jason*1, Slay, Michael E.2; Taylor, Stephen J.3
1Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission, 323 Center Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
2Arkansas Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, 601 North University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
3Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois, United States
Tian, Mingyi*1; Faille, Arnaud2
1Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 483, Wushanlu, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
2Zoologische Staatssammlung - Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany.
Tovar, Ruben U.*1; García, Dana M.2
1Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
2Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States
Trontelj, Peter*; Moškrič, Ajda; Verovnik, Rudi; Fišer, Cene
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
van den Berg-Stein, Susanne1; Schwenk, Klaus2; Hahn, Hans Jürgen1
1Institute for Groundwater Ecology IGE GmbH, University of Koblenz Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
2Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany,
Wang, Hongmei*; Yun, Yuan; Man, Baiying; Zhou, Jianping
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P R China
Coleman, Jeremy T. H.1; Reichard, Jonathan D.1; Geboy, Richard2; Kocer, Christina1; Watson, Cyndee3*
1U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, Massachusetts, United States
2U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Austin, Texas, United States
Watson, Cyndee A.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Austin Ecological Services Office, Austin, Texas, United States
Worsham, McLean*1; Nair, Parvathi1; Nowlin, Weston1; Gibson, Randy2; Schwartz, Benjamin1
1Texas State University, Department of Biology, Aquatic Station, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
2U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, San Marcos Aquatic Resources Center, 500 East McCarty Lane, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
Yoshizawa, Masato*1; Settle, Alexandar1; Macaspac, Christian1; Fernandes, Vania1; Yoshida, Mina1; Keene, Alex2
1Depertment of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, United States
2Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, United States
Zagmajster, Maja*; Sket, Boris; Remškar, Anja; Prevorčnik, Simona
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia