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Research Article
Three new species of the subterranean huntsman spider genus Spariolenus (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae) in Iran
expand article infoMajid Moradmand‡
‡ Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Corresponding author: Majid Moradmand ( moradmand.arachnids@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Oana Teodora Moldovan
© 2017 Majid Moradmand.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Moradmand M (2017) Three new species of the subterranean huntsman spider genus Spariolenus (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae) in Iran. Subterranean Biology 24: 11-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.24.20985
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7A48B2C0-CCFE-474F-9E95-D1DCEA68D4AC
Open Access

Abstract

The taxonomy of the genus Spariolenus Simon, 1880 in Iran is revisited by describing three new species: Spariolenus fathpouri sp. n. (male & female) from Pebdeh cave ecosystem (Khuzestan Province), S. mansourii sp. n. (male and female) a more widespread species discovered in the Pataveh and Nezel Caves entrances (Kohgiluye-va-Buyer Ahmad Province), and S. hormozii sp. n. (female) from the Geno Biosphere Reserve (Hormozgan Province). Notes on the current status of the explored caves are given. The recently erected species, S. khoozestanus is redescribed based on the examination of the holotype and an additional diagnosis is provided. The Iranian plateau can be considered as the hotspot diversity for this genus in the world by hosting 8 out of 13 known species.

Keywords

New species, Middle East, Cave, taxonomy, huntsman spiders

Introduction

Members of the genus Spariolenus Simon, 1880 are medium to large huntsman spiders living underground both in caves and/or other karstic substrates close to active water stream systems (Moradmand and Jäger 2011, per obs.). These spiders are active hunters in caves or nocturnal hunters close to the cave entrances and karstic regions (pers obs.).

Moradmand and Jäger (2011) revised Spariolenus and gave extended diagnosis for a better understanding of its taxonomy in addition to describing four new species. Molecular phylogeny recovered Spariolenus in the “true” Heteropodinae clade and as the sister taxon of Heteropoda Latreille, 1804 (Moradmand et al. 2014). Spariolenus khoozestanus Zamani, 2016 was described from a single female specimen from Iran. It is here redescribed and illustrated.

Materials and methods

The specimens new to science in this paper (except S. hormozii sp. n.) were recently collected by the author from different subterranean habitats in Iran (2015–2017). The male specimens, collected as immatures, were subsequently reared in captivity, in some cases over one year to get mature and ready for description and a more reliable taxonomic decision over their identity as new species. Morphological characters were studied and illustrated using Leitz Wetzlar and Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscopes equipped with a drawing tube. For this purpose, specimens were submerged in 75% ethanol. The description style follows Moradmand and Jäger (2011) and Moradmand (2013). Measurements are given in millimetres. The size classes of specimens follow Jäger (2001) [small (3–10), medium (10–20), large (20–30)]. The spination pattern is given according to Davies (1994): sum of all spines (prolateral, dorsal, retrolateral, ventral), the latter is only listed if present.

The following abbreviations are used throughout the text: AB – anterior band of epigynal field; ALE – anterior lateral eyes, AME – anterior median eyes; BRB – basal retrolateral bulge; C – conductor; CO – copulatory opening; DE – distal part of embolus; EF – Epigynal field; EP – epigynal pit; ET – embolus tip; FC – first coil of vulva; FD – fertilisation duct; LID – lumen of internal duct system; MEP – margin of epigynal pit; PET – prolateral part of embolus; PLE – posterior lateral eyes; PME – posterior median eyes; RET – retrolateral part of embolus; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD – sperm duct, T – tegulum; SC – second coil of vulva; SD – tissue sample for spider DNA catalogue number deposited in ZMUI; SS – slit sensillum; TC – third coil of vulva; I–IV – 1st to 4th leg.

Depositories. SMF – Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Julia Altmann, Peter Jäger). ZMUI – Zoological Museum, Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran (Majid Moradmand).

Results

Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872

Subfamily Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873

Genus Spariolenus Simon, 1880

For description and diagnosis see Moradmand and Jäger (2011).

Spariolenus fathpouri Moradmand, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/4221312C-BFB7-4B28-9CD8-65E86D04C5EF
Figs 1, 2, 3A

Type material

Holotype: ♂, IRAN: Khuzestan Province: N of Lali, Pebdeh Cave, 32°26.50'N, 42°13.35'E, 11 April 2015, SD 111, M. Moradmand, F. Moin, Sh. Esmailbegi, A. Bagheri leg. (SMF). Paratypes: 1♂ and 2♀ ♀ with same data as for holotype (1♂, 1♀ ZMUI; 1♀ SMF)

Etymology

The species is named in honour of Dr Hossein Fathpour, retired associate professor of Zoology (University of Isfahan), who first perceived and supported the author’s enthusiasm for investigating the world of arthropods; genitive case.

Diagnosis

The male can be distinguished from other congeners by its bifurcated ET (similar to S. zagros and S. mansourii sp. n.) but differ from the two later by the crescent shape of the prolateral ET (PET) having a notch (Fig. 1A–D). The female vulva can be distinguished by having unique expansion in EP anteriorly, constructing a marsupial-like structure (Fig. 2B).

Figure 1. 

Spariolenus fathpouri sp. n., male holotype, Khuzestan, Pebdeh Cave, Iran (SMF). A–C left palp (A prolateral B ventral C retrolateral) D bulbus, ventral E chelicerae, ventral F eye arrangement, dorsal. Abbreviations: BRB – basal retrolateral bulge, C – conductor, ET – embolus tip, PET – prolateral part of embolus, RET – retrolateral part of embolus, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD – sperm duct, T – tegulum. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C, E, F), 0.5 mm (D).

Description. Male: Measurements. Medium-sized Sparassidae; holotype: total length 14.0, carapace length 6.7, width 5.5, anterior width 3.6, opisthosoma length 7.3, width 4.3. Anterior eye row slightly recurved, posterior eye row straight (Fig. 1F).

Chelicerae. With 3 anterior and 4 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with 10–15 intermarginal denticles; retromargin with two bristles at base of fang (Fig. 1E).

Eyes. AME 0.27, ALE 0.70, PME 0.48, PLE 0.76, eye inter distances: AME-AME 0.17, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.28, PME-PLE 0.53, AME-PME 0.34, ALE-PLE 0.52.

Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Palp 10.8 [3.6, 1.5, 2.2, 3.5], I 47.0 [12.2, 4.6, 13.5, 13.2, 3.5], II 51.2 [13.8, 4.5, 15.5, 14.2, 3.2], III 38.0 [10.8, 3.7, 11.2, 9.7, 2.6], IV 39.9 [11.1, 3.5, 11.2, 11.3, 2.8].

Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 101; Tibia I 222(10), II 222(10), III 1218, IV 3236; Metatarsus I 0004, II–III 2024, IV 3036.

Figure 2. 

Spariolenus fathpouri sp. n., female paratype, Khuzestan, Pebdeh Cave, Iran (ZMUI). A epigynum, ventral B vulva, dorsal C right vulva, lateral. Abbreviations: CO – copulatory opening; EF – epigynal field; EP – epigynal pit; FC – first coil of vulva; FD – fertilisation duct; LID – lumen of internal duct system; MEP – margin of epigynal pit; SC – second coil of vulva; SS – slit sensillum; TC – third coil of vulva. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Palp. As in diagnosis, with cymbium 1.5 times longer than tibia, BRB present, RTA short, dRTA pointed and vRTA blunt in retrolateral view, both are blunt and the same length in ventral view, PET shorter than RET, PET cover proximal half of RET partially in ventral view. Conductor hyaline and not extending beyond or roughly the same length of ET (Fig. 1A–D).

Female: Habitus as in Fig. 3A. Measurements. Large-sized Sparassidae; total length 27.6, carapace length 13.6, width 11.7, anterior width 6.5, opisthosoma length 14.0, width 8.0.

Chelicerae. With 3 anterior and 5 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with 15–20 intermarginal denticles.

Eyes. AME 0.51, ALE 1.1, PME 0.70, PLE 1.3, eye inter distances: AME-AME 0.23, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.48, PME-PLE 0.97, AME-PME 0.67, ALE-PLE 0.95.

Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Palp 19.8 [5.7, 3.0, 4.5, 6.6], I 71.3 [18.2, 8.2, 20.4, 19.5, 5.0], II 79.3 [21.4, 8.9, 22.8, 21.2, 5.0], III 66.6 [18.2, 7.3, 17.2, 17.3, 6.6], IV 68.7 [18.7, 7.3, 17.9, 19.5, 5.3].

Spination. Palp 131, 101, 2221, 2014; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 101; Tibia I 101(10), II 111(10), III 2228, IV 2226; Metatarsus I– II 0004, III 2024, IV 3036.

Epigynum. As in diagnosis, with EF as long as wide, AB present but short, MEP extending first half laterad and second half frontad (Fig. 2A–C).

Distribution and habitat preferences

Known only from the type locality, the Pebdeh cave ecosystem (Fig. 3B, C). The cave is rich in biodiversity of arthropods including unidentified species of insects (Fig. 3D, F). A relatively large population of bats inhabit the cave and produce huge piles of guano, a source of energy for a potential food chain inside the cave.

Figure 3. 

A Habitus of Spariolenus fathpouri sp. n., paratype female, alive in the type locality B Pebdeh Cave, Iran, the type locality, entrance (arrow) C ditto, Pebdeh Cave DBlattidaeE dead Bat suffered from fire F Coleopteran beetles.

Conservation status of the type locality

The Pebdeh cave suffered from a man-made fire just a few years ago which resulted in a decline of the bat population (Fig. 3E) and of the rest of the diversity of inhabitants (pers. ob.). The cave is fortunately under formal registration as national heritage of Iran because of evidences of earliest date of human occupation inside the cave.

Spariolenus mansourii Moradmand, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/F79FD97F-E8DF-43CF-AB40-4B90A74CFF14
Figs 4, 5A

Type material

Holotype: ♂, IRAN: Kohgiluyeh and Bouyer-Ahmad Province: Sarfaryab, Choram, Nezel Cave entrance, at night, 30°47'29.47"N, 50°56'52.25"E, 4 June 2016, Naghsh-e-Jahan Caving club, M. Moradmand and M. Saboohi leg. (SMF). Paratypes: 1♂ and 2 ♀♀, 1♂ Kohgiluyeh and Bouyer-Ahmad Province: Pataveh, Deh-Sheikh Cave, first corridor, 30°57'N, 51°14'E (ZMUI). 2♀♀ with same data as for holotype (1♀ ZMUI; 1♀ SMF).

Etymology

The species is named in honour of Mr Mohammad Mansouri (Iran: Isfahan), a highly qualified caving instructor. I experienced my first underground adventure with him and I owe him my caving skills; genitive case.

Diagnosis

The male is distinguished from other congeners by dRTA 1.5 times longer than vRTA and the shape of ET bifurcated (same as S. zagros and S. fathpouri sp.nov.). It differs from S. zagros by the prolateral ET shorter than retrolateral one (same size in S. zagros) (Fig. 4A–D). The female differ from other Spariolenus spp. by vulva with lateral extension of the first coil continuous to second coil (similar to those of S. manesht, but differ from it by dorsal epigynum lacking continuous ridge anterior to the CO) (Fig. 5A–C).

Figure 4. 

Spariolenus mansourii sp. n., male holotype, Kohgiluyeh and Bouyer-Ahmad Province, Nezel Cave entrance, Iran (SMF). A–C left palp (A prolateral B ventral C retrolateral) D bulbus, ventral E chelicerae, ventral F eye arrangement, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Description

Male: Measurements. Small to medium-sized Sparassidae; holotype: total length 11.0, carapace length 5.2, width 4.1, anterior width 2.6, opisthosoma length 5.8, width 3.2.

Chelicerae. With 3 anterior and 4 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with 10–15 intermarginal denticles (Fig. 4E).

Eyes. AME 0.27, ALE 0.57, PME 0.36, PLE 0.65, eye inter distances: AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.24, PME-PLE 0.48, AME-PME 0.25, ALE-PLE 0.54. Anterior and posterior eye rows slightly recurved (Fig. 4F).

Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Palp 5.7 [2.8, 1.3, 1.6], I 32.8 [8.5, 3.4, 9.1, 9.2, 2.6], II 35.8 [9.6, 3.5, 9.9, 10.1, 2.7], III 28.4 [8.2, 2.8, 7.6, 7.5, 2.3], IV 29.4 [8.4, 2.9, 7.3, 8.3, 2.5].

Spination. Palp 131, 101, 1013; Legs: Femur I 223, II–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 101; Tibia I–II 131(10), III 2128, IV 2126; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036.

Palp. As in diagnosis, with cymbium 1.5 times longer than tibia, BRB present, RTA short, dRTA 2 times longer than vRTA, both distally rounded in ventral view, PET and RET both pointed distado-prolaterad, PET shorter than RET. Conductor hyaline and extending beyond ET in ventral view (4A–D).

Female: Measurements. Medium-sized Sparassidae; total length 15.4, carapace length 7.6, width 6.1, anterior width 3.7, opisthosoma length 7.8, width 5.2.

Figure 5. 

Spariolenus mansourii sp. n., female paratype, Kohgiluyeh and Bouyer-Ahmad Province, Nezel Cave entrance, Iran (ZMUI). A epigynum, ventral B vulva, dorsal C right vulva, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Chelicerae. With 3 anterior and 4 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with 10–15 intermarginal denticles.

Eyes. AME 0.28, ALE 0.78, PME 0.47, PLE 0.77, eye inter distances: AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.28, PME-PLE 0.69, AME-PME 0.57, ALE-PLE 0.63.

Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Palp 8.2 [2.6, 1.4, 1.8, 2.9], I 25.4 [7.2, 3.1, 6.8, 6.5, 1.8], II 27.7 [8.2, 3.3, 7.5, 6.7, 2.0], III 23.6 [7.1, 2.8, 6.2, 5.8, 1.7], IV 25.2 [7.4, 2.9, 6.5, 6.6, 1.8].

Spination. Palp 131, 101, 2121, 1013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 101 (000); Tibia I–II 101(10), III 2028, IV 2026; Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036.

Epigynum. As in diagnosis, with EF wider than long, AB present and elongated, MEP extending in anterior half in posteriorly and posterior half in laterally.

Remarks

This is the smallest Spariolenus species ever described. Both male and female are small to medium sized (11–15 mm). On the other side, S. iranomaximus Moradmand and Jäger, 2011 is the largest species, , with 18–31 mm body length.

Distribution and habitat preferences

Known from the type locality, the Nezel cave (Fig. 6A, B) and Pataveh (or Deh-Sheikh) cave. The specimens were observed in relatively large population around the karstic regions and entrances of the Nezel cave at night. The Nezel Cave is composed of four deep pits connected by horizontal corridors. The first pit is 43 meters deep (Fig. 6B).

Figure 6. 

A Habitat of Spariolenus mansourii sp. n., Nezel pit cave entrance (arrow) B Nezel pit cave entrance, the type locality, Naghsh-e-Jahan caving club entering the cave.

The Pataveh cave has three entrances. Specimens were observed inside the entrance corridors during daytime. In both caves, the more humid parts inside where the walls were covered with a layer of condensed water, no Spariolenus specimens were observed.

Conservation status of the type locality

The Pataveh Cave was recently transformed into a tourist attraction and the corridors suffered from man-made constructions, a serious alert for its biodiversity.

Spariolenus hormozii Moradmand, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/120A6B4D-1B1D-42B1-8C13-335A5997D8DD
Fig. 7

Type material

Holotype: female, IRAN: Hormozgan Province: Hamag Protected area, Southern Zagros, Kuhe Fareghan, Hamag-e-Paeen, 27°51'52.00"N, 56°28'31.00"E, June 2015, S. Sami leg. (SMF).

Etymology

The species is named in honour of Mr Parwiz Hormozi who with his colleague Mr Mohammad Dehghani sacrificed their lives and were killed by poachers in 2016 while carrying out their duties as park rangers protecting the Wildlife in the Geno Biosphere Reserve, Hormozgan Province; genitive case.

Diagnosis

This species is distinguished from all other congeners by CO and EP largely widened (CO 1/2 EP width and EP 1/2 EF length) (Fig. 7A).

Figure 7. 

Spariolenus hormozii sp. n., female holotype, Hormozgan Province, Hamag Protected area, Iran (SMF). A epigynum, ventral B vulva, dorsal C right vulva, lateral D chelicerae, ventral E eye arrangement, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Male. Unknown.

Female. Measurements. large Sparassidae; total length 23.6, carapace length 11.1, width 10.0, anterior width 5.7, opisthosoma length 12.5, width 8.5.

Legs. Leg formula: II I IV III. Palp 14.2 [4.6, 2.5, 3.3, 4.8], I 49.4 [13.6, 5.7, 13.3, 13.7, 3.1], II 53.7 [15.3, 6.2, 15.1, 14.0, 3.1], III 45.1 [13.3, 5.2, 12.2, 11.6, 2.8], IV 48.1 [13.7, 5.2, 12.6, 13.5, 3.1].

Chelicerae. With 3 anterior and 4 posterior teeth, cheliceral furrow with 10–15 intermarginal denticles (Fig. 7D).

Eyes. AME 0.48, ALE 1.1, PME 0.67, PLE 1.4, eye inter distances: AME-AME 0.37, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.53, PME-PLE 0.83, AME-PME 0.57, ALE-PLE 1.0.

Eyes as Fig. 7E.

Spination. Palp 131, 101, 2121, 2013; Legs: Femur I–III 323, IV 321; Patella I–IV 101; Tibia I–II 101(10), III 1018, IV 2026 (2126); Metatarsus I–III 2024, IV 3036.

Epigynum. As in diagnosis, with EF as wide as long, EF quadrate in shape, AB present, MEP extend anterior half posteriorly and posterior half laterally, CO large and partitioned half of EP area (Fig. 7A–C)

Spariolenus khoozestanus Zamani, 2016

Fig. 8

Spariolenus khoozestanus Zamani, 2016: 421, figs 1–5 [holotype female (SMF) examined and illustrated]

Extended diagnosis

This single female differs from those of other species in having the anterior half of the FC extend transversally while in other species extend more longitudinally (Fig. 8A–C). The only exception is S. iranomaximus Moradmand and Jäger, 2011 but this species is unique in having wide spread HGO in SC and TC (Moradmand and Jäger 2011: figs 12–13).

Figure 8. 

Spariolenus khoozestanus Zamani, 2016, female holotype (SMF). A epigynum, ventral B vulva, dorsal C right vulva. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Comments

This species is erected on the basis of a single female specimen collected in Lali city, close to the type locality of S. fathpouri sp. n. In the original diagnosis, this species was compared with S. tigris Simon, 1880 from India, occurring far away from the type locality. Nevertheless its closest similar species seems to be S. iranomaximus which is more widespread in Southwest Zagros (per. obs). Both species share the character of widened FC of vulva, the shape of the CO, EP and the pattern of MEP. Since there are variations in the females copulatory structures (in particular the vulva of S. iranomaximus (see Moradmand and Jäger 2011: figs 12, 18, 19), S. khoozestanus is probably a junior synonym of the former species, but until the male is discovered from the type locality the taxonomic decision cannot be made confidently.

Discussion

Before this study ten species of Spariolenus were known worldwide, half of them described from Iran. This study increased the known species to 13. The distribution pattern of Spariolenus is currently known from Iran (eight species), Oman in the Arabian Peninsula (one species), and far South Indian Peninsula (four species). The diversity of Spariolenus spp. in the Iranian plateau seems to be higher than what is known today. Since Iranian species are discovered along the Zagros Mountain Range, thus their evolutionary history may be connected with the orogeny of these mountains (Moradmand and Jäger 2011).

Five out of 13 known species of Spariolenus are described from both sexes. Among known males, the shape of bifurcated ET, previously observed only in S. zagros can be seen in two other males herein described. This could mean that bifurcated ET is more common than simple ones and probably a plesiomorphic character.

In a recent checklist on cavernicolous arthropods in Iran, Malek-Hosseini and Zamani (2017) listed 89 taxa from only 47 subterranean habitats. Since the number of explored caves in Iran is more than 2000 (Raeisi et al. 2012) and the global diversity of cavernicolus species is estimated at 100,000 (Culver and Holsinger 1992). Thus the species richness of Iranian caves is expected to be much higher. The discovery of the three new species herein described supports this assumption.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thanks my colleagues at the University of Isfahan, Dr A. Bagheri, Ms Sh. Esmailbegi, Ms F. Moin and Ms M. Ahmadi for their companionship during sampling in Khuzestan Province. I thank Mr Mahmoodi and Mr Moradi from Lali city for their guidance to the Pebdeh cave location. I acknowledge the Naghsh-e-Jahan caving club members (Isfahan) and special thanks to Mrs Modaresi and Mr Mansouri for their supports of this study. I am thankful to Dr P. Jäger (SMF) and Dr C.A. Rheims (Universidade de São Paulo) for their constructive comments. Mr S. Sami (collector) and Mr A. Zamani are acknowledged for providing the specimen from Hormozgan Province. Dr Y. M. Marusik (Turku) kindly sent the holotype of S. khoozestanus, for this, I am very thankful.

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