Latest Articles from Subterranean Biology Latest 53 Articles from Subterranean Biology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/ Thu, 28 Mar 2024 10:58:37 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from Subterranean Biology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/ A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/112984/ Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984

Authors: Matthew L. Niemiller, Andrew G. Cannizzaro, Thomas R. Sawicki, David C. Culver

Abstract: We describe a new species of subterranean amphipod (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) in the genus Stygobromus from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring at Shepherd Parkway, part of National Capital East Parks, Washington, D.C., USA, part of the National Park System, using both morphological and genetic approaches. The Anacostia Groundwater Amphipod, S. anacostensis sp. nov. is a member of the S. tenuis species group but differs from related congeners based on body size, serrate blade-like edge of both palms of gnathopods 1 and 2, presence of rastellate setae on the posterodistal margin of the carpus of gnathopod 2, and aspects of the second antennae, mandibular palp, pereopods 5–7, uropods 1 and 2, and telson. Moreover, S. anacostensis sp. nov. is genetically distinct from S. tenuis in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. The description of S. anacostensis sp. nov. increases the number of described Stygobromus species to eight in the Washington D.C. area and highlights the need for continued biodiversity studies, even in regions that have received considerable attention.

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Research Article Thu, 15 Feb 2024 23:21:34 +0200
DNA taxonomy reveals high species diversity among the stygobiont genus Metastenasellus (Crustacea, Isopoda) in African groundwater https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113022/ Subterranean Biology 48: 51-71

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.113022

Authors: Moïssou Lagnika, Raoul Polycarpe Tuekam Kayo, Gontran Sonet, Jean-François Flot, Patrick Martin

Abstract: This study aimed to explore the species diversity within the isopod genus Metastenasellus in Benin and Cameroon. Compared to other parts of the world, the described diversity of stygobiotic crustaceans in Africa is low due to a dearth of studies and taxonomic expertise. However, recent research activities in Benin and Cameroon suggest higher groundwater diversity than previously envisioned. Recent sampling campaigns in these countries have shown that Metastenasellus is a major group in the underground aquatic environment. The accumulation of biological material provided an opportunity to explore species diversity within the genus using a DNA taxonomy approach based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment. Despite the limitations of using a single-locus approach for species delimitation, an overview of the diversity within the genus Metastenasellus was obtained, revealing the presence of 23 distinct lineages. Several elements suggest that most, if not all, of these lineages represent valid species. These include high genetic distances between lineages, morphologically distinct species separated by genetic distances of the same order of magnitude as between other described lineages, and the coexistence of different lineages at the same stations. Despite a limited sampling effort, these first results indicate a high level of species diversity and endemism within Metastenasellus in the studied regions. The narrow geographic distribution of the lineages suggests strong isolation and limited dispersal abilities. This study highlights the potential for discovering a significant number of new species within this genus and emphasizes the need for further research to uncover the extent of diversity in African stygobiotic isopods.

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Research Article Wed, 7 Feb 2024 14:06:08 +0200
A new species of the genus Siambathynella Camacho, Watiroyram & Brancelj, 2011 (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from a Thai cave https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/93661/ Subterranean Biology 44: 139-152

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.93661

Authors: Ana I. Camacho, Philippe Leclerc

Abstract: Siambathynella janineana sp. nov. (family Parabathynellidae) discovered in Thailand is herein described. The new species displays an exclusive character: a distinctive organ on the antennule of males. It also displays a unique combination of morphological characters, including a seven-segmented antennule and antenna, sexual dimorphism of the antennule, a one-segmented exopod on thoracopod I and a two-segmented one on thoracopods II to VII, a male thoracopod VIII without basipodial setae and with a trapezoidal outer lobe, a female thoracopod VIII with two denticles at the base of two setae, pleopods absent, a sympod of the uropod with an inhomonomous row of spines and an uropod endopod with a spinous distal process and a very large distal spine covered with setules. This is the fifth record of Bathynellacea (family Parabathynellidae) found in caves in Thailand.

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Research Article Mon, 10 Oct 2022 10:26:13 +0300
A new species of Allobathynella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from the hyporheic zone of the Hangang River, South Korea https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/85517/ Subterranean Biology 44: 85-101

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.85517

Authors: Su-Jung Ji, Gi-Sik Min

Abstract: Bathynellacea including the parabathynellid genus Allobathynella Morimoto & Miura, 1957 is commonly found across the subterranean environment. The genus Allobathynella is the most species-rich genus known in Korea, and it now contains 23 species and one subspecies from South Korea and Japan. In this paper, we described a new species of Allobathynella from Danyang, South Korea. Allobathynella danyangensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of five simple setae on the antennule, seven spines on the maxillule and 3-5-10-6 setal formula of the maxilla. We describe the new species with molecular diagnosis based on the mitochondrial c oxidase subunit 1, the mitochondrial 16S rDNA, and the nuclear 18S rDNA gene sequences and morphological study.

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Research Article Thu, 1 Sep 2022 05:43:29 +0300
Two new species add to the diversity of Eoniphargus in subterranean waters of Japan, with molecular phylogeny of the family Mesogammaridae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/86914/ Subterranean Biology 44: 21-50

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.86914

Authors: Aki Shintani, Chi-Woo Lee, Ko Tomikawa

Abstract: Amphipod crustaceans are a major group of invertebrates that predominantly occur in groundwater ecosystems. Eoniphargus is a mesogammarid genus with only two known species from the groundwater systems of the Japanese archipelago and Korean Peninsula. However, there is a dearth of taxonomic studies on this genus, and the species diversity within Eoniphargus is unclear. Here, we describe two new species, E. iwataorum sp. nov. and E. toriii sp. nov., collected from the interstitial waters in Tochigi and Shizuoka Prefectures in the Japanese archipelago. These two new species are distinguished from their congeners by the following features: head, urosomite 3, first and second antennae, mandibles, and maxilla 1. Eoniphargus kojimai is redescribed here based on material collected near the type locality. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes revealed that E. kojimai is sister to E. iwataorum sp. nov. In this study, we also briefly discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Mesogammaridae based on the molecular phylogenetic analyses.

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Research Article Mon, 15 Aug 2022 21:31:27 +0300
Two new troglobitic species of Iansaoniscus from Brazilian caves (Crustacea, Isopoda, Pudeoniscidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/81308/ Subterranean Biology 43: 127-143

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.81308

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Rafaela Bastos-Pereira, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Iansaoniscus species are troglobitic terrestrial isopods of the Pudeoniscidae family. In this work two new species are described from caves in the Bahia state, northeastern Brazil; I. leilae sp. nov. from Toca do Gonçalo cave, in the municipality of Campo Formoso; and I. paulae sp. nov. from Lapa do Bode cave in the municipality of Itaeté. Additionally, ecological notes and conservation status are provided for both new species.

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Research Article Tue, 14 Jun 2022 17:27:06 +0300
A reassessment of the origin and distribution of the subterranean genus Pseudolimnocythere Klie, 1938 (Ostracoda, Loxoconchidae), with description of two new species from Italy https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/82158/ Subterranean Biology 43: 33-60

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.82158

Authors: Giampaolo Rossetti, Fabio Stoch, Ilaria Mazzini

Abstract: Groundwater ecosystems host a rich and unique, but still largely unexplored and undescribed, biodiversity. Several lineages of ostracod crustaceans have subterranean representatives or are exclusively living in groundwaters. The stygobitic genus Pseudolimnocythere Klie, 1938 has a West Palearctic distribution, and includes few living and fossil species of marine origin. Through a comprehensive literature review and the description of the two new living species, Pseudolimnocythere abdita sp. nov. and Pseudolimnocythere sofiae sp. nov., from springs in the Northern Apennines, Italy, a morphological analysis was carried out with the aim of comparing the valve morphology of living and fossil species, and to discuss previous hypotheses about time and mode of colonization of inland waters. Pseudolimnocythere species show a low variability in valve morphology, with a remarkable stasis over geological times. The distribution of extant and fossil species is consistent with a scenario of multiple and independent events of colonization of continental habitats linked to sea level variations starting from Middle Miocene in the Paratethys and, later, in the Mediterranean. The most common colonization routes of inland waters have taken place through karst formations along ancient coastlines, although we cannot exclude some minor active migration through the hyporheic zone of streams. Available distribution data suggest a poor dispersal ability of Pseudolimnocythere species after they had colonized continental waters.

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Research Article Wed, 25 May 2022 10:01:20 +0300
Rediscovery and phylogenetic analysis of the Shelta Cave Crayfish (Orconectes sheltae Cooper & Cooper, 1997), a decapod (Decapoda, Cambaridae) endemic to Shelta Cave in northern Alabama, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79993/ Subterranean Biology 43: 11-31

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.79993

Authors: Katherine E. Dooley, K. Denise Kendall Niemiller, Nathaniel Sturm, Matthew L. Niemiller

Abstract: The Shelta Cave Crayfish (Orconectes sheltae) is a small, cave-obligate member of the genus Orconectes (family Cambaridae) endemic to a single cave system—Shelta Cave—in northwest Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama, USA. Although never abundant, this stygobiont was regularly observed in the 1960s and early 1970s before the population and aquatic community in general at Shelta Cave collapsed likely in response to groundwater contamination and the loss of energetic inputs from a Grey Bat (Myotis grisescens) maternity colony that abandoned the cave after installation of a poorly designed cave gate. We conducted 20 visual surveys of aquatic habitats at Shelta Cave between October 2018 and July 2021. Although the aquatic community has not recovered, we did confirm the continued existence of O. sheltae, which had not been observed in 31 years, with observations of an adult female on 31 May 2019 and an adult male on 28 August 2020. We conducted the first phylogenetic analyses of O. sheltae and discovered that the species is most closely related to other geographically proximate stygobiotic crayfishes in the genus Cambarus in northern Alabama than members of the genus Orconectes. We advocate for recognition of this species as Cambarus sheltae to more accurately reflect evolutionary relationships of this single-cave endemic and offer recommendations for its management, conservation, and future research, as this species remains at high risk of extinction.

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Research Article Fri, 20 May 2022 10:58:24 +0300
A new species of Chaimowiczia from the karstic Serra do Ramalho plateau, Brazil (Oniscidea, Synocheta, Styloniscidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/80274/ Subterranean Biology 42: 139-149

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.80274

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Rafaela Bastos-Pereira, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Chaimowiczia belongs to the subfamily Iuiuniscinae, family Styloniscidae, and is currently composed of two troglobitic species: C. tatus and C. uai, both occurring in Brazil. A new species of Styloniscidae found in Brazil (Bahia state, Serra do Ramalho, Serra Verde cave) was allocated into this genus by the antenna flagellum with three articles; rectangular-shaped lateral pereonites epimera not apically acute and apex of pleopod 2 endopod with an acute tip and an acute or rounded lobe directed outwards. The new species, C. obybytyra sp. nov., is here described and rises to 25 the number of troglobitic styloniscidean species known for Brazilian caves.

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Research Article Tue, 29 Mar 2022 12:48:23 +0300
A new obligate groundwater species of Asellus (Isopoda, Asellidae) from Iran https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79447/ Subterranean Biology 42: 97-124

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.79447

Authors: Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini, Jure Jugovic, Yaser Fatemi, Matjaž Kuntner, Rok Kostanjšek, Christophe J. Douady, Florian Malard

Abstract: With only 43 described stygobionts and only two isopod species the obligate groundwater fauna of Iran, a vast country with over 10% of limestone surface, is inadequately known. Here, we report the discovery of Asellus ismailsezarii sp. nov. from Zagros mountains, the first eyeless and depigmented asellid isopod from Iran. The new species is morphologically similar to Asellus monticola Birstein, 1932, but it is eyeless and fully depigmented, has a slightly curved pereopod IV and does not bear any setae on proximal margins of exopodite of pleopods IV and V. Species phylogenetic relationships using original and datamined mitochondrial DNA and nuclear rDNA, and estimation of molecular divergences with other Asellus species, suggest that A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. is sister to a larger clade that also contains the European A. aquaticus species complex. Surface populations of Asellus have colonized groundwater at multiple occasions and localities, both in Europe and Asia, giving rise to species and subspecies that have evolved troglomorphisms, such as depigmentation and loss of eyes. Of the 37 formally described species and subspecies of Asellus, 15 are from groundwater, including A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. We predict that many more obligate groundwater Asellus taxa are yet to be discovered in Asia.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2022 16:12:22 +0200
Unique and fragile diversity emerges from Brazilian caves – two new amphibious species of Xangoniscus Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014 (Oniscidea, Styloniscidae) from Serra do Ramalho karst area, state of Bahia, Brazil https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/75725/ Subterranean Biology 42: 1-22

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.75725

Authors: Ivanklin S. Campos-Filho, Jéssica S. Gallo, Jonas E. Gallão, Dayana F. Torres, Lília Horta, Yesenia M. Carpio-Díaz, Carlos M. López-Orozco, Ricardo Borja-Arrieta, José O. Aguiar, Maria E. Bichuette

Abstract: Two new troglobitic species of Xangoniscus are described from two caves of Serra do Ramalho karst area, Bambuí geomorphological group, state of Bahia. Xangoniscus lapaensis sp. nov. is described from Gruna Boca da Lapa cave, and X. loboi sp. nov. from Gruna da Pingueira II cave. Both species are blind and depigmented and show amphibious habits, as observed for all species of Xangoniscus described until now. Xangoniscus lapaensis sp. nov. occurs in travertine pools fed by water of the upper aquifer, and X. loboi sp. nov. occurs in a small stream, an upper vadose tributary. Both species occur in fragile microhabitats. Ecological and behavioral data, conservation remarks, and IUCN conservation assessments are included to provide background data for conservation efforts in this unique karst area.

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Research Article Mon, 10 Jan 2022 11:12:50 +0200
An annotated checklist of groundwater Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Romania with notes on their distribution and ecology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/72542/ Subterranean Biology 41: 87-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.41.72542

Authors: Sanda Iepure, Carmen-Andreea Bădăluţă, Oana Teodora Moldovan

Abstract: Romania, by its position in East-Central Europe has a complex geological history, high landscape heterogeneity and variable climatic conditions, ranging from temperate-continental in the northeast to sub-Mediterranean in the southwest. These conditions have created repeated waves of colonisation of groundwater by copepods, which raise particular interest in this group from a biogeographical perspective. The earliest investigations on groundwater copepods, dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, have resulted in a wealth of information on the richness of this group, making Romania one of the best studied regions from this perspective in Europe. Groundwater copepods in Romania are currently represented by 107 species and subspecies, of which 60 are harpacticoids (56%) and 47 are cyclopoids (43.9%). Of these, 50.5% are strict stygobites (32.7% harpacticoids and 17.7% cyclopoids). Among stygobite copepods 29 species (35 harpacticoids and 19 cyclopoids) are endemic to the country. Almost 86% of the species are single-site endemics (single cave, or single hyporheic or phreatic site) and the rest are restricted in distribution to a single aquifer or hydrographic basin. The aim of the present checklist represents a significant contribution to the knowledge of groundwater copepods in Romania and provides a sound baseline for future comparative faunal studies focused on the affinities and origins of copepods and the analysis of their biogeographical distribution patterns at regional and continental scales.

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Checklist Thu, 23 Dec 2021 20:56:26 +0200
Distribution of Stenasellidae in Africa and description of a new species of Metastenasellus from Cameroonian groundwaters https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/76301/ Subterranean Biology 40: 175-194

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.76301

Authors: Pountougnigni Oumarou Farikou, Piscart Christophe, Sob Nangou Paul Bertrand, Zebaze Togouet Serge Hubert

Abstract: During recent investigations of the groundwater fauna of Cameroon, specimens of a new species of the stygobitic genus Metastenasellus, M. boutini sp. nov. were collected in wells of the city of Douala. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other species of the genus by its relatively large size (up to 11 mm), pleonite 1 and 2 half the length of pereonite 7, the shape of pleopod 2 in males (presence of an external lobe on the protopodite, distal part of the spermatic duct slightly protruding out of the second article, lack of a distal seta on the exopodite), and uropod half the length of the pleotelson. Ecological data and a key to Metastenasellus species are provided. We also performed an exhaustive analysis of the literature on Stenasellidae in Africa to study the geographical distribution of the family in this continent and discuss some hypotheses about the origin of African species.

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Research Article Fri, 3 Dec 2021 13:57:21 +0200
New troglobitic species of Niambia from Botswana and Namibia (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/72499/ Subterranean Biology 40: 91-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Gerhard Du Preez, Stefano Taiti, Rodrigo L. Ferreira

Abstract: Three new species in the genus Niambia are described from southern African caves: N. botswanaensis sp. nov. from Diviner’s Cave (Botswana), N. ghaubensis sp. nov. from Ghaub Cave and N. namibiaensis sp. nov. from Märchen Cave (Namibia). All these species show troglomorphic traits such as absence of body pigmentation and eyes. These are the first troglobitic species recorded in the genus. Most of the other species of Niambia are epigean and occur in semi-arid environments in the Afrotropical Region.

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Research Article Fri, 19 Nov 2021 14:17:36 +0200
Rediscovery and redescription of Niphargus enslini Karaman, 1932 (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) in southern Germany https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/73017/ Subterranean Biology 40: 65-89

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.73017

Authors: Dieter Weber, Traian Brad, Fabio Stoch, Jean-François Flot

Abstract: Niphargus enslini Karaman, 1932 was collected only once in 1905 from the Falkensteiner Höhle (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). Two years after its description, the species was synonymized with Niphargus virei and not studied any more. During recent surveys on German niphargids, further samples collected in this cave did not yield N. enslini specimens, but this species was collected in the Blätterteighöhle and in the Schwarzer Brunnen, two caves located in Baden-Württemberg and intercepting the same karstic aquifer feeding Falkensteiner Höhle. In an integrative taxonomic approach, we carefully studied the morphology of the newly collected specimens and sequenced two molecular markers (fragments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene) to test for possible conspecificity of N. enslini with N. virei. Morphological analysis confirmed that N. enslini is distinct from the N. virei species complex. We provide a redescription of newly collected material, together with new drawings of a more than 100 years old topotypic female. We briefly discuss the putative origin of N. enslini and the age of its split from the N. virei species complex.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Oct 2021 11:50:29 +0300
Chaimowiczia: a new Iuiuniscinae genus from Brazil (Oniscidea, Synocheta, Styloniscidae) with the description of two new troglobitic species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/65305/ Subterranean Biology 39: 45-62

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.65305

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Rafaela Bastos-Pereira, Leila Aparecida Souza, Rodrigo L. Ferreira

Abstract: A new genus of Styloniscidae, Chaimowiczia gen. nov., is described with two new species: Chaimowiczia tatus sp. nov. from Gruta do Padre cave (Santana, Bahia) and Chaimowiczia uai sp. nov. from Lapa d’água do Zezé cave (Itacarambi, Minas Gerais). The new genus and species were allocated into the subfamily Iuiuniscinae, hitherto monotypic, by the pronounced rectangular-shaped lateral pereonites epimera, dorsal surface smooth, body outline continuous without a gap between pereon and pleon, and pleonites 3 to 5 developed forming tips. The two species of Chaimowiczia gen. nov. differ in the shape of cephalon antennal lobes, pereonite 1 epimera, pleonite 5 posterior margin and uropod exopod and endopod proportion.

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Research Article Tue, 8 Jun 2021 16:12:37 +0300
Citizen science approach reveals groundwater fauna in Switzerland and a new species of Niphargus (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/66755/ Subterranean Biology 39: 1-31

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.66755

Authors: Roman Alther, Nicole Bongni, Špela Borko, Cene Fišer, Florian Altermatt

Abstract: Knowledge on the diversity and distribution of subterranean organisms is still scattered, even in faunistically relatively well-researched countries such as Switzerland. This is mostly due to the restricted access to these subterranean habitats. Better knowledge on these organisms is needed, because they contribute substantially to overall biodiversity of a region, often contain unique elements of biodiversity, and can potentially be indicative of the ecological status of subterranean ecosystems that are providing important ecosystem services such as drinking water. Past research on subterranean organisms has often used highly specialised sampling techniques and expert knowledge. Here, we show that inclusion of non-professionals can be an alternative and highly promising sampling strategy. We retrieved citizen science-based samples from municipal groundwater wells across Switzerland, mainly from the Swiss Plateau. Opportunistic samples from 313 sites revealed a previously undocumented groundwater fauna including organisms from different major invertebrate groups, with a dominance of crustaceans. Here, we studied amphipods of the genus Niphargus. Among all 363 individuals sampled, we found in total eight nominal species. Two of them, namely N. fontanus and N. kieferi, are reported for Switzerland for the first time. We also found four further phylogenetic lineages that are potentially new species to science. One of them is here formally described as Niphargus arolaensis sp. nov. The description is based on molecular and morphometric data. Our study proves the suitability of citizen science to document subterranean diversity, supports groundwater conservation efforts with data, and raises awareness for the relevance and biodiversity of groundwater amphipods among stakeholders.

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Research Article Tue, 25 May 2021 16:11:25 +0300
Corrigenda: Stygobromus bakeri, a new species of groundwater amphipod (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) associated with the Trinity and Edwards aquifers of central Texas, USA. Subterranean Biology 38: 19–45. https://doi: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.61787 https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/68597/ Subterranean Biology 38: 113-115

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.68597

Authors: Randy Gibson, Benjamin T. Hutchins, Jean K. Krejca, Peter H. Diaz, Peter S. Sprouse

Abstract: N/A

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Corrigenda Fri, 21 May 2021 16:48:32 +0300
Stygobromus bakeri, a new species of groundwater amphipod (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) associated with the Trinity and Edwards aquifers of central Texas, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/61787/ Subterranean Biology 38: 19-45

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.61787

Authors: Randy Gibson, Benjamin T. Hutchins, Jean K. Krejca, Peter H. Diaz, Peter S. Sprouse

Abstract: A new stygobitic groundwater amphipod species, Stygobromus bakeri sp. nov., is described from 4 central Texas limestone karst springs; John Knox Spring (Comal County), Jacob’s Well (Hays County), Mormon Spring (Travis County) and Salado Springs (Bell County). This species belongs to the predominately western Nearctic hubbsi species group of Stygobromus and differs from other species in the group by gnathopod 1 with row of 4 to 5 setae posterior to the defining angle, pereopods 6 and 7 with broadly expanded bases and distinct distoposterior lobes, gnathopods 1 and 2 with 2 rows of 3 singly inserted setae on the inner palm, and uropod 3 with single, slightly distal peduncular seta. Habitat, sympatric groundwater species, and conservation issues are discussed.

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Research Article Mon, 12 Apr 2021 08:23:58 +0300
Forty-year natural history study of Bahalana geracei Carpenter, 1981, an anchialine cave-dwelling isopod (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from San Salvador Island, Bahamas: reproduction, growth, longevity, and population structure https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/60653/ Subterranean Biology 37: 105-156

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.60653

Authors: Jerry H. Carpenter

Abstract: Almost nothing has been reported on the natural history of any of the world’s 92 species of cave cirolanids, including those from saltwater caves (anchialine). Over 1400 specimens of Bahalana geracei Carpenter, 1981 were collected in two caves from 1978–2018; size-frequency data provided insight into population structure. Some specimens were maintained alive over multiple years to study rarely reported activities for cave cirolanids: feeding, molting, growth, longevity, and reproduction. Photographs document these phenomena. Mating occurred after gravid females shed both halves of reproductive molts. Females can have multiple broods (iteroparous) with ~2.0–3.5 years per reproductive cycle: egg production (~9–24 months), mating, brooding (5–6 months), release of 6–55 mancas (2.3–3.3 mm long), and oostegite molt (~2–13 months after manca release). Estimated lifetime fecundity is 58 mancas per female; probable range is 20–120. In Lighthouse Cave, females outnumbered males (~4:1), grew larger (16.8 vs. 9.5 mm), and lived longer. Growth rates were slow: ~1–2 years for three instars of post-marsupial manca development (from ~2.3–4.0 mm); estimated adult growth rate was 0.8 mm/year (1.6 molts/year) for males, and 0.5 mm/year (1.5 molts/year) for females. Longevity estimates for females are 25–28 years with 23–30 instars, vs. 6–8 years for males with 13–15 instars. Males from Major’s Cave were nearly as numerous and as large (14.8 mm) as females; estimated longevity for males is >20 years. Longevity estimates of >20 years appear to be the longest for any isopod species. Female longevity probably increased by being starvation resistant, surviving multiple broods, cannibalizing smaller B. geracei, and living in a low-stress environment. Populations appear to be stable, relatively large, and not currently threatened.

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Research Article Thu, 25 Feb 2021 08:51:00 +0200
Attheyella (Canthosella) thailandica sp. nov. (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae) from caves in Thailand https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/55376/ Subterranean Biology 37: 57-73

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.55376

Authors: Santi Watiroyram

Abstract: During this sampling campaign, the canthocamptid Attheyella (Canthosella) thailandica sp. nov. was collected from various caves in Thailand. The new species is widely distributed in the country and favours habitats, such as phytotelmata and wet soil. Attheyella (Canthosella) thailandica sp. nov. is the second member of the genus to be found in Thailand, after Attheyella (Canthosella) vietnamica Borutzky (1967), which is most similar to it. Amongst Asian species, both A. (C.) thailandica sp. nov. and A. (C.) vietnamica have identical setal formulae, with a greater number of armatures on the distal endopods of legs 2–4. However, A. (C.) thailandica sp. nov. markedly differs from A. (C.) vietnamica in the insertion point of the dorsal seta and the presence of inner spinules on the caudal ramus. Additionally, the leg 4 endopod is two-segmented in A. (C.) thailandica sp. nov., but one-segmented in A. (C.) vietnamica.

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Research Article Thu, 28 Jan 2021 09:16:31 +0200
Uptaded checklist, historical overview and illustrated guide to the stygobiont Malacostraca (Arthropoda: Crustacea) species of Yucatan (Mexico) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/53558/ Subterranean Biology 36: 83-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.53558

Authors: Dorottya Angyal, Nuno Simões, Maite Mascaró

Abstract: This study provides an updated checklist and an illustrated guide to the 17 currently known stygobiont Malacostraca species of the state of Yucatan (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico). The compilation is based on the individuals collected during our cave-diving expeditions (2016–2019), and, has the purpose of expanding previous knowledge on the taxonomy of these subterranean crustaceans. The identification guide contains drawings of the main diagnostic characters of the species as well as a brief introduction of the relevant malacostracan orders. The information is further complemented with a historic account and timeline of the stygobiont Malacostraca species of the Yucatan Peninsula. This is the first study that provides a unified tool for the morphological identification of these highly endemic species.

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Research Article Mon, 30 Nov 2020 08:47:45 +0200
First record of the genus Graeconiscus Strouhal, 1940 (Isopoda, Oniscidea, Trichoniscidae) in the Iberian Peninsula with the description of a new troglobitic species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/58272/ Subterranean Biology 36: 51-61

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.58272

Authors: Lluc Garcia, Adrià Miralles-Núñez, Toni Pérez-Fernández

Abstract: Graeconiscus gevi sp. nov., a new troglobitic terrestrial isopod (family Trichoniscidae, subfamily Haplophthalminae), is described. The specimens of the new species are found in the Cueva del Yeso III, in the province of Málaga (SE Spain). Graeconiscus gevi sp. nov. is closely related to Graeconiscus thermophilus (Çaglar, 1948), an oculate species from Turkey and some Eastern Mediterranean islands. The morphological differences between both species are discussed and illustrated by SEM images of specimens from Málaga and Cyprus. The studied material represents the first record of the genus Graeconiscus in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Research Article Mon, 16 Nov 2020 08:41:48 +0200
Updates to the sporadic knowledge on microsporidian infections in groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Niphargidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/48633/ Subterranean Biology 33: 71-85

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.33.48633

Authors: Daniel Grabner, Dieter Weber, Alexander M. Weigand

Abstract: A set of 69 specimens from 19 groundwater species of the genera Niphargus, Niphargellus, Microniphargus and Crangonyx was genetically screened for microsporidian infections. Samples mostly originated from groundwater-dependent spring environments (71%), natural caves (9%) and artificial caverns/tunnels (13%). Amphipod hosts were identified by morphology and/or molecular data, whereas microsporidian parasites were characterised by a genetic screening assay targeting a section of the small subunit rRNA gene. Five microsporidian species (Dictyocoela duebenum; Nosema sp.; Hyperspora aquatica and two undescribed Microsporidium spp.) were revealed from 13 host specimens (Niphargus schellenbergi; N. aquilex lineages B, F and G; Niphargellus arndti). In particular N. schellenbergi was frequently infected with D. duebenum as well as a new and potentially niphargid-specific Nosema sp. identified in Niphargellus arndti. Our results shed further light on the still largely unknown diversity and specificity of microsporidian parasites in groundwater amphipods and subterranean animals in general.

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Research Article Thu, 13 Feb 2020 13:18:48 +0200
Metabolic responses to long-term food deprivation in subterranean and surface amphipods https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/48483/ Subterranean Biology 33: 1-15

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.33.48483

Authors: Parvathi Nair, Mar Huertas, Weston H. Nowlin

Abstract: A long-standing hypothesis in subterranean biology posits that organisms living in poor resource subsurface habitats can withstand long periods of bioenergetic shortages due to an innate reduced metabolic rate when compared to their epigean counterparts. However, previous studies have proposed that caves with ample energy resources may not evolve organisms with reduced metabolic rate. The equivocal nature of previous findings suggests that there is a need to compare food deprivation responses of subterranean and surface species in order to elucidate whether there are widespread adaptations to low energy systems in subterranean taxa. The purpose of the study was to examine patterns in basal metabolism and the effects of food deprivation in closely related subterranean- and epigean- amphipods, Stygobromus pecki and Synurella sp. from central and east Texas, USA, respectively. Basal metabolic rates (measured as O2 consumption) differed between species, with S. pecki having substantially lower rates than Synurella. Individuals of both species were food deprived for a pre-determined time interval and changes in total body protein, lipids, and carbohydrates were measured throughout food deprivation experiments. Stygobromus pecki had larger initial energy stores than Synurella and were more conservative in the use of energetic reserves over a prolonged period of food deprivation. Thus, it appears that although S. pecki are currently found in shallow phreatic and spring opening environments, they have maintained more efficient metabolic adaptations to deal with prolonged periods of food deprivation.

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Research Article Mon, 13 Jan 2020 08:41:22 +0200
The study of amphipods in rimstone pools of Akiyoshi-do Cave, Japan https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/35031/ Subterranean Biology 32: 81-94

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.32.35031

Authors: Kanato Ando

Abstract: Akiyoshi-do Cave is the largest show cave in Japan and has been recognised as a hotspot of cave animals due to their diversity in species. Human-induced alterations in the cave environment have been a significant concern catching the attention of tourists and managers. Previous studies indicated water quality alteration induced by tourism could affect the population densities of amphipods. However, no study went further than qualitative observation in terms of human impacts. This study targets two amphipods living in Akiyoshi-do Cave, Pseudocrangonyx akatsukai and Gammarus nipponensis and measures water characteristics in which they live. Results show that the population densities of the amphipods have decreased compared to the 1970s. Their living habitat has changed, probably induced by tourism.

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Research Article Tue, 29 Oct 2019 10:37:13 +0200
Discovery of a new population of the federally endangered Alabama Cave Shrimp, Palaemonias alabamae Smalley, 1961, in northern Alabama https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/38280/ Subterranean Biology 32: 43-59

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.32.38280

Authors: Matthew L. Niemiller, Thomas Inebnit, Amata Hinkle, Bradley D. Jones, Mark Jones, Joseph Lamb, Nathaniel Mann, Benjamin Miller, Jennifer Pinkley, Stephen Pitts, Kayla N. Sapkota, Michael E. Slay

Abstract: The Alabama Cave Shrimp Palaemonias alabamae Smalley, 1961 is a federally endangered cave shrimp endemic to just four cave systems within and near the greater Huntsville metropolitan area in Madison County, Alabama USA. It is one of two described atyid cave shrimp in the Interior Low Plateau karst region. Here we report the discovery of a new population of P. alabamae from the Fern Cave system in western Jackson County, Alabama. We observed four cave shrimp in August 2018 in an isolated pool in the base-level stream passage of the longest cave system in Alabama. Two cave shrimp were observed during a subsequent survey in July 2019: one in the same isolated pool and a second shrimp in a pool in the main stream passage. Morphological and genetic analyses confirm that this population is closely allied with other populations in Madison County. This new population expands the known distribution of the species into a new county and watershed (Lower Paint Rock River). The potential exists to discover additional populations in Paint Rock River valley and other nearby regions.

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Short Communication Wed, 18 Sep 2019 08:11:59 +0300
A new species of Alpioniscus (Illyrionethes) from the Dinaric Karst (Isopoda, Oniscidea, Trichoniscidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/37509/ Subterranean Biology 32: 33-42

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.32.37509

Authors: Jana Bedek, Sanja Gottstein, Stefano Taiti

Abstract: In the Dinaric Karst, Alpioniscus (Illyrionethes) is the taxon with the largest number of troglobiotic species (19), one of which is new and described here: A. busljetai sp. nov., found in two caves in the coastal area of North Dalmatia. Both caves are threatened by human activities (IUCN threats 1.1, 9.1.1).

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Research Article Mon, 9 Sep 2019 09:15:16 +0300
Response of shallow subterranean freshwater amphipods to habitat drying https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/30700/ Subterranean Biology 28: 15-28

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.28.30700

Authors: Heather Gilbert, Jenna Keany, David C. Culver

Abstract: The ability of three amphipods that occupy shallow subterranean habitats in the lower Potomac Basin of the US (hypotelminorheic), which often dry out seasonally, to withstand desiccation by burrowing in clay was investigated. Both Crangonyx shoemakeri, a wetland species, and Stygobromus tenuis, a subterranean species, burrowed in clay in the laboratory after surface water was removed. Gammarus minus, a spring species, did not. All three species exhibited behavioral changes as the habitat dried out.

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Research Article Fri, 16 Nov 2018 15:28:03 +0200
New occurrence records for stygobiontic invertebrates from the Edwards and Trinity aquifers in west-central Texas, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/29282/ Subterranean Biology 28: 1-13

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.28.29282

Authors: Bradley D. Nissen, Thomas J. Devitt, Nathan F. Bendik, Andrew G. Gluesenkamp, Randy Gibson

Abstract: We report new occurrence records for stygobiontic invertebrates from the Edwards and Trinity aquifers in Blanco, Hays, and Travis counties of central Texas, USA. Our collection includes seven species from four families: Caecidotea reddelli (Steeves, 1968), Asellidae; Crangonyx nr. pseudogracilis Bousfield, 1958, Stygobromus balconis (Hubricht, 1943), Stygobromus bifurcatus (Holsinger, 1967), and Stygobromus russelli (Holsinger, 1967), Crangonyctidae; Sphalloplana mohri Hyman, 1938, Kenkiidae; and Cirolanides sp., Cirolanidae. Specimens of Caecidotea reddelli and Crangonyx nr. pseudogracilis are new records for Hays County and Travis county, respectively. Specimens of an undescribed species of Cirolanides were collected from a well in Hays County and from two localities in Travis County.

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Short Communication Thu, 1 Nov 2018 10:08:34 +0200
Day–night and seasonal variations of a subterranean invertebrate community in the twilight zone https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/28909/ Subterranean Biology 27: 31-51

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.27.28909

Authors: Stefano Mammola, Marco Isaia

Abstract: Being characterized by the absence of light and a reduced environmental cyclicity, the subterranean domain is generally regarded as temporally stable. Yet, in the proximity of cave entrances (twilight zones), patterns of sunlight and darkness can be detected within the 24-hour day–night cycle. In parallel, changes in the abiotic and biotic conditions are expected; however, these patterns have been rarely explored in animal communities dwelling in the twilight zone. We performed a biological investigation in a small abandoned mine in the Western Alps, monitoring it once per season, both during the day and at night. At each survey, we collected data on the spatial distribution of the resident species, their activity patterns, and the main microclimatic parameters. We observed significant daily variations in the environmental conditions during winter and spring, namely higher temperature, relative humidity and availability of trophic resources at night. In conjunction with these disparate nocturnal conditions, the abundance of troglophile species was also higher, as well as the activity patterns of one of the most frequent species inhabiting the entrance area – the orb-weaver spider Meta menardi. We further documented temporal changes in the composition of the parietal community, due to species using the mine as a diurnal, nocturnal or overwintering shelter. Overall, our results suggest that the communities of the twilight zone are not temporally stable and we highlight the importance of taking into account not only their seasonal, but also their daily variations.

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Research Article Wed, 19 Sep 2018 14:12:56 +0300
Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/27097/ Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Authors: Joseph Kopp, Shristhi Avasthi, Luis Espinasa

Abstract: The Sierra de El Abra is a long (120 km) and narrow (10 km) karstic area in northeastern Mexico. Some studies have suggested independent evolutionary histories for the multiple populations of blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus that inhabit this mountain range, despite the hydrological connections that may exist across the Sierra. Barriers between caves could have prevented stygobitic populations to migrate across caves, creating evolutionary significant units localized in discrete biogeographical areas of the Sierra de El Abra. The goal of the present study was to evaluate if there is a correspondence in phylogeographical patterns between Astyanax cavefish and the stygobitic mysid shrimp Spelaeomysis quinterensis. Astyanax mtDNA and mysid histone H3 DNA sequences showed that in both species, cave populations in central El Abra, such as Tinaja cave, are broadly different from other cave populations. This phylogeographical convergence supports the notion that the central Sierra de El Abra is a biogeographical zone with effective barriers for either cave to cave or surface to cave gene flow, which have modulated the evolutionary history across species of its aquatic stygobitic community.

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Research Article Tue, 14 Aug 2018 16:46:25 +0300
First record of the family Stenasellidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) in Iran with the description of a new cave-dwelling species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/25950/ Subterranean Biology 26: 27-38

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.26.25950

Authors: Yaser Bakhshi, Saber Sadeghi, Giuseppe Messana

Abstract: A new cave isopod species of the genus Stenasellus Dollfus, 1897 (Stenasellidae) from Iran is reported and described. The new species, Stenasellus tashanensis sp. n. was found in Tashan Cave (Khuzestan province, southwest Iran). A complete description and drawings of the new species are provided. This new species is morphologically close to S. vermeuleni Magniez & Stock, 2000 from Oman.

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Research Article Wed, 20 Jun 2018 13:41:19 +0300
An ecological survey of the invertebrate community at the epigean/hypogean interface https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/21585/ Subterranean Biology 24: 27-52

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.24.21585

Authors: Stefano Mammola, Elena Piano, Pier Mauro Giachino, Marco Isaia

Abstract: We studied the ecological continuum between caves and the associated network of fissures – Milieu Souterrain Superficiel (MSS) – in an hypogean site in the Graian Alps, Italy. Over one year, we surveyed the faunal assemblages by means of pitfall traps placed in the caves and specific subterranean sampling devices (SSD) buried in the MSS. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) to compare the spatial and temporal dynamics of the subterranean invertebrates inhabiting the two environments. As expected, arthropod communities occurring near the surface were characterized by minor level of subterranean adaptations, and conversely, subterranean species were more abundant and diversified at higher depths, both in the caves and in the MSS. Diversity and abundance of external elements in the superficial layers were found to be highly seasonal dependent, with minor values in winter compared to the other seasons. We provided information about the faunal assemblages dwelling in the two hypogean compartments, and we characterized the microclimatic conditions therein. We discussed the existence of an ecological gradient of specialization extending from the surface to the deep hypogean layers, which can be interpreted in light of the microclimatic changes occurring at increasing depths and the parallel decrease in available organic matter.

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Research Article Mon, 11 Dec 2017 11:54:49 +0200
The first troglobiotic species of the family Pudeoniscidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea), with descriptions of a new genus and two new species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/20963/ Subterranean Biology 23: 69-84

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.23.20963

Authors: Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho, Maria Elina Bichuette, Giuseppe Montesanto, Paula Beatriz Araujo, Stefano Taiti

Abstract: Approximately 170 species of terrestrial isopods are known from Brazil, but only 12 are considered troglobionts. The family Pudeoniscidae comprises four species in two genera, Brasiloniscus and Pudeoniscus. After the examination of material collected in caves in the state of Bahia, a new genus and two new species have been recognized, Iansaoniscus iraquara gen. et sp. n. from Buraco do Cão cave, Iraquara, and Iansaoniscus georginae gen. et sp. n. from Borboletas cave, Paripiranga. The new genus and new species are placed in Pudeoniscidae on the basis of some morphological characteristics, such as antennal flagellum with second and third articles divided by a slender suture, epimera of pereonite 1 with dorsolateral furrow reduced or absent, and shape of uropods. The Brazilian subterranean environments are now under potential threat because of recent legislation for cave exploitation, and the knowledge of the subterranean biodiversity of the country is thus of primary importance for its effective conservation.

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Research Article Thu, 26 Oct 2017 15:45:51 +0300
The description of a new species of Niphargus from Iran based on morphological and molecular data https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/11286/ Subterranean Biology 22: 43-58

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.22.11286

Authors: Somayeh Esmaeili-Rineh, Seyyed Ahmad Mirghaffari, Mozafar Sharifi

Abstract: The freshwater amphipods of the genus Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 are widespread in subterranean waters of the western Palearctic. The eastern half of the genus range has been incompletely studied despite the presence of karstic areas and large aquifers. In this paper, we describe a new species from Hamedan Province in Iran and name it as N. hakani sp. n. This species‌ hypothesis is based on the analysis of morphological characters and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. The taxonomic status of the new species within the genus is discussed in comparison to the known Iranian species. Results revealed that this species is phylogenetically close to N. khwarizmi and is morphologically similar to N. borisi.

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Research Article Fri, 7 Apr 2017 09:57:25 +0300
A new genus for Cirolana troglexuma Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1997, an anchialine cave dwelling cirolanid isopod (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from the Bahamas https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/11181/ Subterranean Biology 21: 57-92

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.21.11181

Authors: Niel L. Bruce, Saskia Brix, Nicholas Balfour, Terue C. Kihara, Alexander M. Weigand, Sevag Mehterian, Thomas M. Iliffe

Abstract: Cirolana troglexuma Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1997 is redescribed and a Lucayalana Bruce & Brix, gen. n. established for the species. In total 38 specimens were collected from Hatchet Bay Cave, Eleuthera. Specimens on which previous records of L. troglexuma (from Exuma Cays, Cat Island, and Eleuthera) were based have been re-examined when possible. The diagnostic identifying characters and purported apomorphies for Lucayalana gen. n. are: frontal lamina short, narrow, less than 7% width of labrum, not extending to anterior margin of head; pleonite 3 extending posteriorly to posterior of pleonite 5, laterally overlapping pleonites 4 and 5; ventrally broad, forming a strong ventrally directed blade; pereopods 1–3 merus inferior margin RS not molariform. Mitochondrial COI and 16S loci and the nuclear 18S locus data show that all specimens are the one species. Comparison to additional cirolanid COI sequence data (BOLD, GenBank) show that Lucayalana troglexuma is genetically distinct to all other cirolanid genera with available COI sequences. The single male and females have shared COI (with three females), 16S (eight females) and 18S sequences (two females).

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Research Article Wed, 8 Feb 2017 11:46:36 +0200
Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/10389/ Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389

Authors: Danny Tang, Stefan Eberhard

Abstract: In Australia, the Ameiridae is the most diverse harpacticoid family in groundwater, with 35 species hitherto reported. In this study, we describe two new species belonging to the “vasconica”-group of the ameirid genus Nitocrella based on specimens collected from groundwaters near mine sites in the Pilbara and Great Sandy Desert regions of northwestern Australia. Nitocrella knotti sp. n. can be distinguished from related taxa by having two setae on the antennal exopod, four armature elements on the distal endopodal segment of leg 2, four armature elements on the distal endopodal segment of leg 3, three armature elements on the distal endopodal segment of leg 4, and three setae on the basoendopodal lobe of leg 5. Nitocrella karanovici sp. n. differs from its congeners by having a short outer spine and long inner seta on the distal endopodal segment of leg 2, three armature elements on the distal endopodal segment of leg 3, and four setae on the basoendopodal lobe of leg 5 in the female. This study is of biogeographic interest in providing the first documentation of the genus Nitocrella from the Pilbara and Great Sandy Desert regions. Both new species of Nitocrella are recorded from restricted localities and appear to be short-range endemics, thus making them potentially vulnerable to environmental changes and threatening processes such as mining. The distribution range of N. karanovici sp. n. coincides with the centre of diversity of the Ethel Gorge aquifer stygobiont community, a globally significant hotspot which is listed as endangered.

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Research Article Thu, 10 Nov 2016 10:02:15 +0200
Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/10010/ Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Emily Collins, Anthony Finocchiaro, Joseph Kopp, Jenna Robinson, Jennifer Rutkowski

Abstract: The habitat of cave-adapted organisms is characterized by complete darkness and in some instances, an apparent lack of environmental distinction between day and night. It is unclear if cave-adapted organisms retain circadian rhythms that can be light-entrained. Stygobromus allegheniensis (Allegheny Cave Amphipod) is an eyeless troglobitic crustacean found in caves located in the Northeastern region of the United States. Two cave populations were examined for evidence of light-entrained circadian rhythms. The first population inhabits a small tectonic cave (Ice Caves, Sam’s Point Preserve, NY) and the second (Clarksville Cave, Clarksville, NY) inhabits a long cave system in limestone rock. Experiments conducted in both the field and the laboratory suggest that the capacity to exhibit motor rhythms has been conserved in at least some individuals of both populations. Nonetheless, their motor activity rhythms have high variability of period length between individuals and do not appear to be light-entrainable. It is thus proposed that in this species, light-entrainable circadian rhythms controlling motor activity have undergone incipient regressive evolution.

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Research Article Fri, 7 Oct 2016 12:13:37 +0300
Biodiversity and biogeography of groundwater invertebrates in Queensland, Australia https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/7542/ Subterranean Biology 17: 55-76

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.17.7542

Authors: Katharine Glanville, Cameron Schulz, Moya Tomlinson, Don Butler

Abstract: Groundwater systems, traditionally considered lifeless conduits of water (Hancock and Boulton 2008, Schulz et al. 2013), are now known to provide critical habitat for a diverse range of fauna collectively called stygofauna. Stygofauna communities can have significant conservation value as exemplified by relatively high levels of endemism and biodiversity. Despite this the biogeography and taxonomic diversity of stygofauna communities largely remains undocumented. This paper describes the development and interrogation of a state-wide database of 755 samples from 582 sites, and reviews the current knowledge of stygofauna biodiversity and biogeography across Queensland (north-eastern Australia). Queensland is known to host 24 described families of stygofauna with stygofauna composition broadly consistent with other regions around the world. However Queensland assemblages tend to be unusually rich in both oligochaetes (16% cf. 2%) and syncarids (12% cf. 4%). Associations between stygofauna taxonomic richness and key environmental variables were consistent with many general assumptions of habitat suitability. However there were also notable exceptions, including stygofauna records from: groundwater 60 meters below ground level; groundwater with electrical conductivity above 50,000 μS/cm, and; both highly acidic (pH 3.5) and alkaline (pH 10.3) environments. These exceptions clearly demonstrate that strict adherence to general assumptions about habitat suitability when planning sampling activities may mask the true diversity of groundwater ecosystems.

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Research Article Tue, 15 Mar 2016 14:01:08 +0200
Biogeography and conservation assessment of Bactrurus groundwater amphipods (Crangonyctidae) in the central and eastern United States https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/7298/ Subterranean Biology 17: 1-29

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.17.7298

Authors: Steven J. Taylor, Matthew L. Niemiller

Abstract: The subterranean amphipod genus Bactrurus (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) is comprised of eight species that occur in groundwater habitats in karst and glacial deposits of the central and eastern United States. We reexamine the distribution, biogeography, and conservation status of Bactrurus in light of new species distribution records and divergence time estimates in the genus from a recent molecular study. In particular, we discuss hypotheses regarding the distribution and dispersal of B. mucronatus and B. brachycaudus into previously glaciated regions of the Central Lowlands. We also conducted the first IUCN Red List conservation assessments and reassessed global NatureServe conservation ranks for each species. We identified 17 threats associated with increased extinction risk that vary in source, scope, and severity among species, with groundwater pollution being the most significant threat to all species. Our conservation assessments indicate that five of the eight species are at an elevated risk of extinction under IUCN Red List or NatureServe criteria, with one species (B. cellulanus) already extinct. However, none of the eight species are considered threatened or endangered by any state or federal agency. Significant knowledge gaps regarding the life history, ecology, and demography of each species exist. Given results of our conservation assessments and available information on threats to populations, we offer recommendations for conservation, management, and future research for each species.

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Research Article Tue, 2 Feb 2016 10:02:37 +0200
Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/5607/ Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609

Authors: Jaroslav Smrž, Ľubomír Kováč, Jaromír Mikeš, Vladimír Šustr, Alena Lukešová, Karel Tajovsky, Alena Nováková, Petra Režňáková

Abstract: As caves represent an extreme biotope with limited food sources, one might expect cave animal communities to exhibit low feeding specialization and to consume generally whatever organic matter is available. To test this hypothesis, we studied the feeding habits of several arthropod species in Slovakian and Romanian caves. A microanatomical approach utilizing histological methods was selected for this study. While saprophagous animals dominated, our study revealed variability within this nutritional group. Preferences ranged from fungal propagules (for the millipede Trachysphaera costata) to bacteria on bat guano (for the oribatid mite Pantelozetes cavaticus) and to cyanobacteria (for the microwhip scorpion Eukoenenia spelaea). The terrestrial isopod Mesoniscus graniger consumed a mixture of organic and inorganic substrates with plant material in various caves. These findings confirm an adaptability and phenoplasticity and, hence, a variability of characteristics developing under the pressure of extreme environmental factors.

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Research Article Wed, 8 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0300
Four new representatives of the genus Allocyclops Kiefer, 1932 from semi-consolidated subsoil aquifers in Benin (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/4467/ Subterranean Biology 16: 1-36

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.16.4467

Authors: Frank Fiers, Moïssou Lagnika

Abstract: Several species of cyclopoid copepods were collected from improved and unimproved hang-dug-wells in the Republic of Bénin over the years 2009–2014. Fifty five wells located in seven different districts were sampled: 15 wells in the district of Pobè (Department Plateau) and 1 well in Kétou (Department Plateau), 4 wells in Porto-Novo District (Department Ouémé) and, 15 wells in Lokossa District (Department Mono),18 wells in Parakou District (Department Borgou), 1 well in Abomey-Calavi District (Department Atlantique) and 1 in Zogbodomè District (Department Zou). Among them, 4 new species of the genus Allocyclops Kiefer, 1932 were found and are described herein: Allocyclops spinifer sp. n., A. nudus sp. n., A. pilosus sp. n. and A. sakitii sp. n. They are compared with the three African species previously described. Allocyclops appears to be a sub-Saharan taxon specialized to thrive in the variable environment of subsoil aquifers in laterite deck beds. An identification key to the 7 different African Allocyclops species is provided.

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Research Article Wed, 24 Jun 2015 17:11:09 +0300
Synurella odessana sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae), first report of a subterranean amphipod from the catacombs of Odessa and its zoogeographic importance https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/4563/ Subterranean Biology 15: 11-27

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.15.8820

Authors: Dmitry A. Sidorov, Oleg A. Kovtun

Abstract: A new species from the catacombs of Odessa (South Ukraine), Synurella odessana sp. n. is described and its taxonomic affinity with congeners are discussed. This is the first record of the subterranean amphipod crustacean of the genus Synurella from an artificial biotope. The new species has numerous plesiomorphic features states allowing a more detailed evaluation of the taxonomy of the genus Synurella. The most remarkable feature of this new species is the presence of a “synurellid type” gnathopod 1 and a “crangonyctid type” gnathopod 2. Herein, we propose three groups in the genus Synurella distributed within the Volga-Black Sea basin: ambulans-group (epigean inhabitants of coastal lowlands, stygophiles), dershavini-group (hypogean or spring inhabitants of karstic regions, preadapted stygobionts), wachuschtii-group (minute inhabitants of interstitial waters, stygobionts). The dershavini-group occupies isolated taxonomic position among the synurellids. We suggest that the modern distribution of dershavini-group reflects the formation of ancient river basins in the region.

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Research Article Fri, 6 Feb 2015 00:00:00 +0200
Epigean and hypogean Palaemonetes sp. (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Edwards Aquifer: An examination of trophic structure and metabolism https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/4249/ Subterranean Biology 14: 79-102

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.14.8202

Authors: Renee Bishop, William Frank Humphreys, Glenn Longley

Abstract: This study addresses the causes of the metabolic depression observed when examining the metabolism of hypogean versus epigean organisms. We examined the two current hypotheses regarding the cause of metabolic cave adaptation, a paucity of food and low oxygen availability, both necessary for ATP production, by first determining if the hypogean environment examined, Edwards Aquifer, was resource limited. Stable isotope analyses indicate that there is extensive microbial chemolithoautotrophic production providing resources for the hypogean organisms. δ13C values (≤30‰ )were well below that of terrestrial biome indicating that C in the aquifer originates from chemolithoautotrophic inorganic carbon fixation, not photosynthetically derived material resulting from terrigenous sources. Data suggest the artesian system is a complex geochemical ecosystem providing inorganic energy sources from both methane and sulfates. Metabolism, examined via key aerobic and anaerobic proxies, and organismal proximate composition indicated there was no difference between metabolic rates and energy storage of Palaemonetes antrorum (stygobitic) and Palaemonetes kadiakensis (epigean). This indicates that resources within the oxic aquifer are not limited. We demonstrate that it is necessary for one, or both, of these selective pressures to be present for metabolic cave adaptation to occur.

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Research Article Mon, 17 Nov 2014 00:00:00 +0200
Sulfide Shrimp? Observations on the concealed life history of the Thermosbaenacea (Crustacea) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/4193/ Subterranean Biology 14: 63-77

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.14.7927

Authors: Francis Por

Abstract: The discovery and subsequent observation over various years of a massive population of the thermosbaenacean Tethysbaena ophelicola Wagner in the subterranean karstic sulfide pool of Ayyalon (Israel) enabled us to reach conclusions about the previously unknown life strategy of this crustacean super-order. These are preferably monophagous sulfur-bacteria-eating pelagic shrimps of stratified subterranean pools, adapted to microaerobic-anaerobic conditions, by among others ovoviviparity and the probable help of sulfide detoxifying bacterial endosymbiosis.

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Review Article Mon, 27 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0200
A proposal for a groundwater habitat classification at local scale https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/4103/ Subterranean Biology 14: 25-49

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.14.5429

Authors: Simon Gutjahr, Susanne Schmidt, Hans Jurgen Hahn

Abstract: Distribution of groundwater invertebrate communities in porous aquifers (and their habitats) varies on spatial scales and many attempts have been made to classify these on various scales. The new data-based approach, presented here, classifies the complex distribution of groundwater habitats on a local scale (i.e. along transects of < 100 m) and merges the latest classification approaches at this scale. Data from a regional (i.e. approximately 100 km2) biogeographic groundwater survey was analysed in terms of stability of: community structure, different intensities of surface water influence, and occurrence, together with the distribution of stygobites within those groundwater ecosystems. On the investigated local scale, the faunistic communities’ composition is mainly depending on surface water influence, coupled with immision of dissolved oxygen and organic matter. Derived from this finding, five types of faunistic habitats are proposed: (I) Stressed groundwater habitats, (II) Stable groundwater habitats, (III) Rain fed groundwater habitats, (IV) Surface water fed groundwater habitats, and (V) Hyporheic habitats.

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Research Article Wed, 24 Sep 2014 00:00:00 +0300
Niphargus plurispinosus sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda), a stygophile and hypotelminorheic representative from Central Europe https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1314/ Subterranean Biology 13: 65-87

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.13.6531

Authors: Igor Hudec, Andrej Mock

Abstract: The detailed description of the morphology of Niphargus plurispinosus sp. n. from Slovakia is presented. Over 300 specimens were collected from a permanent seepage spring on repeated visits between May 2011 and May 2013. The type locality is located in the foothills of the Zemplínske vrchy mountains in the East Slovakian Lowland (NE part of Pannonian Lowland) - small, low and isolated hills formed during Neogene volcanic activity. Volcanic rocks draw together fragments of massives of Palaezoic and Mesozoic age as same as Neogene sediments. The new species can be classified as stygophile, living in the shallow subterranean habitat. The species has small subequal gnathopods, sexually dimorphic uropod III, sexually non-dimorphic uropod I in juveniles, dimorphic uropod 1 in adults. They are extremely different in the post-reproductive stage, when they have 2-4 dorsal spines (arranged in a transverse row) on the telson and supporting dorsal spines.

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Research Article Fri, 6 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0300
Shape variation of Aegla schmitti (Crustacea, Decapoda, Aeglidae) associated to superficial and subterranean stream reaches https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1303/ Subterranean Biology 10: 17-24

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.10.3915

Authors: Camile Fernandes, Maria Bichuette

Abstract: The species Aegla schmitti is relatively abundant in epigean streams in the Upper Ribeira Basin, southeastern Brazil and has a few records in caves. In this study, we questioned if those individuals would be an accidental presence or could be populations already established in cave streams? In this case, would morphological variations be associated with superficial and subterranean stream reaches? In this exploratory survey we tried to answer these questions by assessing the shape variation of cephalothorax using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Different shapes were found for both environments, evidencing a successful hypogean colonization. The area effect was discarded as being the unique factor responsible for the divergence, therefore, for the first time in the literature, here we report morphological modifications associated with subterranean colonization in troglophiles. We also conceived and discussed some hypotheses about the colonization.

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Research Article Mon, 11 Feb 2013 00:00:00 +0200
Origin of the interstitial isopod Microcharon (Crustacea, Microparasellidae) from the western Languedoc and the northern Pyrenees (France) with the description of two new species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1304/ Subterranean Biology 10: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.10.4758

Authors: Nicole COINEAU, Claude Boutin, Malvina Artheau

Abstract: The interstitial groundwater genus Microcharon (Crustacea, Isopoda, Microparasellidae) is highly diversified in southern France. A new species, Microcharon boulanouari n. sp. is described from the Aude River, whereas specimens from the Lachein River in the central Pyrenees are reassigned to another species, M. ariegensis new to Science. Microcharon boulanouari n. sp. is closely related to the species of the group rouchi and may belong to the phylogenetic western Mediterranean lineage. The two-step model of colonization and evolution provides an understanding of the origin and age of this stygobite. Microcharon boulanouari n. sp. is derived from marine ancestors that lived in the interstitial littoral shallow bottoms of the Atlantic embayment which covered southwestern France at the very beginning of the early Eocene period. Both the regression of this gulf at the start of the Eocene and the Pyrenees uplift may have played a major role in the evolutionary history through vicariance of Microcharon boulanouari n. sp. and of the northern Pyrenean species of the group rouchi.

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Research Article Mon, 11 Feb 2013 00:00:00 +0200
Assessing copepod (Crustacea: Copepoda) species richness at different spatial scales in northwestern Romanian caves https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1292/ Subterranean Biology 9: 103-112

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.9.2513

Authors: Ioana N. Meleg, Frank Fiers, Oana Moldovan

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess copepod species richness in groundwater habitats from the Pădurea Craiului Mountains, Transylvania (northwestern Romania). Five species richness estimators (one asymptotic, based on species accumulation curves, and four non-parametric) were compared by testing their performances in estimating copepod species richness at three hierarchical spatial scales: cave, hydrographic basin, and karstic massif. Both epigean and hypogean species were taken in account. Two data sets were used in computing copepod species richness: 1. samples collected continuously during one year (dripping water) and seven months (pools) from five caves, and 2. samples collected from pools in twelve additional caves (data gathered from literature). Differences in copepod species richness among caves and hydrographic basins suggest that local environmental features are important in determining local species richness trends.

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Research Article Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
A new species of the subterranean amphipod crustacean genus Stygobromus (Crangonyctidae) from a cave in Nevada, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1281/ Subterranean Biology 8: 39-48

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1230

Authors: Steven Taylor, John Holsinger

Abstract: Stygobromus albapinus, a new stygobiotic amphipod crustacean species in the family Crangonyctidae, is described from two pools in Model Cave in Great Basin National Park, White Pine County, Nevada, USA. The type specimens were collected on two different visits to the cave. The new species is assigned to the hubbsi group, bringing the number of described species in this group to 45, but many other provisionally recognized species assigned to this group remain undescribed. With exception of a single species from deep wells in southeastern Wisconsin, all other members of the hubbsi group are recorded from a wide variety of subterranean groundwater habitats (e.g., caves, springs, wells, etc.) in western North America, west of the Great Plains. Although the taxonomic affi nities of Stygobromus albapinus, n. sp. need further study, the species does appear to share several important morphological characters with a species from a cave in western Utah located approximately 300 km east-northeast of Model Cave.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200
The first record of external abnormalities in the subterranean Aegla marginata Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aeglidae), from a karst area of Southeastern Brazil https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1280/ Subterranean Biology 8: 33-38

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1228

Authors: Camile Fernandes, Rafael Gregati, Maria Bichuette

Abstract: The occurrence of a morphologically altered individual identifi ed as Aegla marginata is reported in this note. The specimen was found in the subterranean environment, as part of wider bioespeleological study. The observed abnormalities consist mainly of deformities in abdominal epimera, pleopods, telson and uropods, which could results in diffi culties for reproduction and escape from predators. Genetic or nutritional factors related to the scarce food supply observed in the cave environment are admitted as being the most probable cause of the deformities reported here. We emphasize the need of new studies in the area as well as efforts to preserve subterranean environment.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200