Latest Articles from Subterranean Biology Latest 99 Articles from Subterranean Biology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/ Fri, 29 Mar 2024 09:10:05 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from Subterranean Biology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/ A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/112984/ Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984

Authors: Matthew L. Niemiller, Andrew G. Cannizzaro, Thomas R. Sawicki, David C. Culver

Abstract: We describe a new species of subterranean amphipod (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) in the genus Stygobromus from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring at Shepherd Parkway, part of National Capital East Parks, Washington, D.C., USA, part of the National Park System, using both morphological and genetic approaches. The Anacostia Groundwater Amphipod, S. anacostensis sp. nov. is a member of the S. tenuis species group but differs from related congeners based on body size, serrate blade-like edge of both palms of gnathopods 1 and 2, presence of rastellate setae on the posterodistal margin of the carpus of gnathopod 2, and aspects of the second antennae, mandibular palp, pereopods 5–7, uropods 1 and 2, and telson. Moreover, S. anacostensis sp. nov. is genetically distinct from S. tenuis in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. The description of S. anacostensis sp. nov. increases the number of described Stygobromus species to eight in the Washington D.C. area and highlights the need for continued biodiversity studies, even in regions that have received considerable attention.

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Research Article Thu, 15 Feb 2024 23:21:34 +0200
Cave-dwelling fauna of Costa Rica: current state of knowledge and future research perspectives https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113219/ Subterranean Biology 47: 29-62

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.47.113219

Authors: Stanimira Deleva, Andres Ulloa, Hernani F. M. Oliveira, Nikolay Simov, Ferdinando Didonna, Gloriana Chaverri

Abstract: This study focused on the cave fauna of Costa Rica, which has remained relatively understudied despite the presence of more than 435 recorded natural caves and artificial subterranean sites. We collected and reviewed all available literature data on cave fauna in Costa Rica and created the first comprehensive review of the existing information. In addition, we report new records from field surveys conducted between 2015 and 2018. This study reported approximately 123 animal species, whereas the remaining records (n = 82) represented taxa that could not be identified at the species level. Data were collected from 127 locations throughout the country, with new cave fauna records from 41 sites. Notably, we reported the first occurrence of the true bug Amnestus subferrugineus (Westwood 1837) within Costa Rican caves, which represents an addition to the country’s faunal inventory. As this study highlights the knowledge gaps in the subterranean fauna, it will serve as an important stepping stone for future research and conservation efforts related to caves in Costa Rica.

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Research Article Fri, 8 Dec 2023 14:41:19 +0200
Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113186/ Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186

Authors: Kathryn E. Perez, Yamileth Guerrero, Roel Castañeda, Peter H. Diaz, Randy Gibson, Benjamin Schwartz, Benjamin T. Hutchins

Abstract: The Edwards and Edwards-Trinity Aquifers of Texas have diverse stygofauna, including fifteen species of snails found in phreatic and hyporheic habitats. These species have the hallmarks of adaptation to subterranean environments including extremely small body size and the loss of pigmentation and eyes. Here we use an integrative taxonomic approach, using shell, radula, and anatomical features as well as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data, to circumscribe a new genus and two new cavesnail species from Central Texas. Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Comal Springs (Comal County) and Fessenden Springs (Kerr County) and distinguished by a glassy, highly sculptured shell and distinctively simple, unornamented penial morphology. We also describe Phreatodrobia bulla sp. nov. from Hidden Springs (Bell County), and several other springs in Bell & Williamson Counties, Texas. This species has a smooth, unsculptured teleoconch, a reflected and flared lip, and deeply concave operculum.

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Research Article Mon, 4 Dec 2023 09:45:27 +0200
The first record of a stygobiotic form of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843), sympatric with Garra tashanensis Mousavi-Sabet, Vatandoust, Fatemi & Eagderi, 2016 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), in Iranian subterranean waters https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/108396/ Subterranean Biology 46: 97-127

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.108396

Authors: Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini, Jean-François Flot, Yaser Fatemi, Hamid Babolimoakher, Matjaž Kuntner, Oleg A. Diripasko, Dušan Jelić, Nina G. Bogutskaya

Abstract: We report the first finding of the stygobiotic form of the cyprinid fish Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843), discovered in a single locality in southwestern Iran, while the epigean form of the species is widely distributed in western Asia (Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Syria). We also report a new locality for its hypogean congener, Garra tashanensis, about 5 km east of its type locality. The two species occur in syntopy in outflows of the Tang-e-Ban, a seasonal karstic spring that only has flowing water during winter and spring, when fish individuals are washed from the cave to the surface. Identification of the investigated samples was confirmed by morphological analyses, COI distances, and a phylogenetic tree. These findings suggest the existence of a large karst aquifer in the Tashan area that harbours several cave species of fish, crustaceans, and gastropods and may have considerable conservation implications.

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Research Article Tue, 17 Oct 2023 15:24:56 +0300
First record of a freshwater cave sponge (Porifera, unknown gen. and sp.) in a cave inhabited by Astyanax cavefish in the Sierra de El Abra, San Luis Potosí, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/105323/ Subterranean Biology 45: 187-198

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.105323

Authors: Laurent Legendre, Luis Espinasa, Jean-Louis Lacaille-Múzquiz, Gabriel Alaniz-Garfía, Patricia Ornelas-García, Sylvie Rétaux

Abstract: The karstic cave, la Cueva de Los Sabinos, located in the Sierra de El Abra in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, is mostly known for hosting a population of blind, depigmented Astyanax mexicanus cavefish. Herein, we report the discovery of a non-pigmented sponge (Porifera) in the final sump of this cave. No genus or species name could be attributed because we did not collect any specimen. Up to now, the sponge distribution seems restricted to a single pool in la Cueva de Los Sabinos, but further careful exploration of other pools of the cave as well as closely related cavities is warranted. To our knowledge, this observation constitutes the fourth report of a freshwater, white, cave-adapted sponge in the world and the first for Mexico and North America. It is also the eleventh troglobite species encountered in Los Sabinos. Our discovery confirms the exceptionally rich biodiversity of this cave ecosystem.

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Short Communication Mon, 26 Jun 2023 19:51:19 +0300
How to map potential mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) habitats? A case study in colluvial MSS https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/96332/ Subterranean Biology 45: 141-156

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.96332

Authors: Rita P. Eusébio, Paulo E. Fonseca, Rui Rebelo, Maria da Luz Mathias, Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira

Abstract: Understanding habitat extension that limits species distribution is a crucial tool for management and conservation, in which habitat mapping plays a pivotal role. The mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) is a type of shallow subterranean habitat with an important conservation value for invertebrate communities, functioning as climatic/reproductive refuge, biogeographic corridor and/or permanent habitat. Methodologies to map the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) are currently lacking. We propose a novel method for colluvial MSS habitat mapping, combining geographic information systems, geological maps, and geological knowledge on the habitat genesis. We tested and validated the efficiency of the method using the Arrábida karst area (Portugal) as a model. The method allowed the remote detection of MSS habitats suitable for invertebrate communities ex situ within the study area, and enabled the estimation of habitat extent. The faunal communities sampled in the selected location were dominated by arthropods, especially insects, showcasing the efficacy of this mapping method to detect suitable MSS habitats. The use of this method considerably reduces the in situ scouting area, providing a more efficient way of locating these habitats. The MSS is protected under EU legislation concerning floral communities and geological features, completely neglecting its faunal communities. This method also allows to estimate potential MSS habitat extension in several lithologies, facilitating the implementation of invertebrate prospections, and the establishment of more effective conservation measures.

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Research Article Fri, 21 Apr 2023 19:00:04 +0300
A new genus, Tuberocandona gen. nov. (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Candonidae) and past to present ostracod species diversity in Texas (USA) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/98075/ Subterranean Biology 45: 119-140

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.98075

Authors: Okan Külköylüoğlu, Alper Ataman, Randy Gibson, Peter Diaz

Abstract: A new ostracod genus, Tuberocandona gen. nov., was collected from Honeycut Hollow Springs, Texas, USA Morphological comparisons and cladistic analyses showed that the new genus displays several different features (e.g. presence of two tubercules on each of the valves, numbers of A1 segments, shape of A2 claws, shape and presence of two claw-like setae on the clasping organs, absence of d2 and dp setae on T2 and T3, absence of alpha and beta setae on Md, shape of hemipenis) from other genera of the tribe. Including the new species, the number of non-marine ostracods known from inland waters of Texas is now 118 species in 45 genera. With the aim of documenting ostracod biodiversity in Texas (USA) by including fossils, we sought documents published from 1927 to 2022 and were able to list 673 ostracod taxa belonging to 142 genera. Among the fossils, 73 ostracods were the oldest records during the Pennsylvanian period (ca. 310 mya), while there were only 42 taxa reported from the Holocene. The Eocene had the highest number of ostracods (126 taxa). In comparison, the living species had only 18 of 673 taxa that were considered nonmarine forms. There are only six species in common with the fossils and recent records. These results suggest the potential for relatively high ostracod species richness and diversity in Texas. This is indeed strongly supported by the present study and the described new genus and its type species (Tuberocandona leonidasi sp. nov.).

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Research Article Tue, 21 Mar 2023 19:00:37 +0200
A new cave population of Astyanax mexicanus from Northern Sierra de El Abra, Tamaulipas, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/98434/ Subterranean Biology 45: 95-117

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.98434

Authors: Ramsés Miranda-Gamboa, Luis Espinasa, María de los Angeles Verde-Ramírez, Jorge Hernández-Lozano, Jean Louis Lacaille, Monika Espinasa, Claudia Patricia Ornelas-García

Abstract: The Astyanax genus represents an extraordinary example of phenotypic evolution, being their most extreme examples the blind and depigmented morphs, which have evolved from independent surface-dwelling lineages. Among cave organisms, Astyanax cavefish is a prominent model system to study regressive evolution. Before this study, 34 cave populations were known for the Astyanax genus to be inhabited by the cave morph. The majority of those cave populations are distributed in Northeast México, at the Sierra Madre Oriental (32 cavefish), in three main areas: Sierra de Guatemala, Sierra de El Abra, and Micos, and two in the Balsas basin in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. In the present study, we describe a new cave population found 4.5 km Southward of Pachón cave, the most northern cave population known for the Sierra de El Abra limestone. El Refugio cave is a resurgence with a mixed population of fish with different levels of troglomorphism, and surface fish, resembling other hybrid populations within the Sierra de El Abra. Based on a mitochondrial DNA characterization of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence, we could identify the mitochondrial lineage of this population, which was placed closely related to the “New Lineage”, sharing haplotypes with the surface (i.e. Arroyo Lagartos) and Pachón populations, instead of with the cave populations from Central Sierra de El Abra (e.g. Tinaja cave). El Refugio cave population gives additional evidence of the intricate history of this system, where migration, drift, and selection have shaped the evolution of the cave morphs through the independent episodes of the Astyanax mexicanus history.

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Research Article Mon, 6 Mar 2023 10:35:37 +0200
Evidence of ancestral nocturnality, locomotor clock regression, and cave zone-adjusted sleep duration modes in a cave beetle https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/100717/ Subterranean Biology 45: 75-94

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.100717

Authors: Sonya Royzenblat, Jasmina Kulacic, Markus Friedrich

Abstract: The small carrion beetle Ptomaphagus hirtus is an abundant inhabitant of the exceptionally biodiverse Mammoth Cave system. Previous studies revealed negative phototaxis and the expression of biological clock genes in this microphthalmic cave beetle. Here we present results from probing P. hirtus for the entrainment of locomotor rhythms using the TriKinetics activity monitor setup. Although curtailed by low adjustment frequency of animals to the test environment, the data obtained from successfully monitoring two animals in constant darkness (DD) and six animals exposed to 12 hour light-dark cycles (LD) revealed a strong effect of light on locomotor activity in P. hirtus. In LD, activity was prevalent during the artificial night phases while close to absent during the presumptive day phases, suggesting conserved nocturnality. Upon transitioning LD animals to constant darkness, none displayed detectable evidence of free-running activity rhythms, suggesting complete regression of the central circadian clock. Equally notable, overall locomotor activity of the two DD-monitored animals was about three-fold lower compared to LD animals due to longer rest durations in the former. We, therefore, propose the existence of cave zone-specific energy expenditure modes that are mediated through light schedule responsive modification of sleep duration in P. hirtus.

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Research Article Thu, 23 Feb 2023 11:21:17 +0200
First data on testate amoebae associated with the endemic cave bivalve Congeria jalzici Morton & Bilandžija, 2013 with a description of Psammonobiotus dinarica sp. nov. https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/97105/ Subterranean Biology 45: 53-74

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.97105

Authors: Najla Baković, Ferry Siemensma, Sanja Puljas, Robert Baković, Roman Ozimec, Ana Ostojić, Zrinka Mesić

Abstract: Testate amoebae are phylogenetically a very diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms. They can be found in marine and freshwater habitats and in soil. Some of these single-celled organisms inhabit both surface and cave habitats, but their diversity in caves has barely been explored. Recent studies in the Dinaric region imply that testate amoebae in caves show a high diversity. The aim of this study was to identify the alpha diversity of testate amoebae in the Lika region (Dinaric karst, Croatia) and to compare the habitats of different caves based on testate amoebae assemblages. In eight caves we found more than 40 testate amoebae taxa, including a new testate amoeba species, Psammonobiotus dinarica sp. nov. The greatest diversity of testate amoebae was found in Markov ponor (27 taxa). The Bray-Curtis Similarity Index showed that testate amoebae assemblages in caves inhabited by the endemic and endangered cave bivalve Congeria jalzici (Markov ponor, Dankov ponor and Dražice ponor) differ from caves not inhabited by this species. This differentiation is attributed to the impact of the sinking Lika river, which occasionally completely submerges these caves, creating specific habitats for eukaryotic microorganisms. This study contributes to our understanding of the diversity, biogeography and ecology of testate amoebae in caves, as well as providing further insight into the conditions that sustain populations of C. jalzici.

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Research Article Tue, 21 Feb 2023 17:36:32 +0200
Protocol for lens removal in embryonic fish and its application on the developmental effects of eye regression https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/96963/ Subterranean Biology 45: 39-52

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.96963

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Marie Pavie, Sylvie Rétaux

Abstract: The lens plays a central role in the development of the optic cup. In fish, regression of the eye early in development affects the development of the craniofacial skeleton, the size of the olfactory pits, the optic nerve, and the tectum. Lens removal further affects olfaction, prey capture, and aggression. The similarity of the fish eye to other vertebrates is the basis for its use as an excellent animal model of human defects. Questions regarding the effects of eye regression are specifically well-suited to be addressed by using fish from the genus Astyanax. The species has two morphs; an eyeless cave morph and an eyed, surface morph. In the cavefish, a lens initially develops in embryos, but then degenerates by apoptosis. The cavefish retina is subsequently disorganized, degenerates, and retinal growth is arrested. The same effect is observed in surface fish when the lens is removed or exchanged for a cavefish lens. While studies can greatly benefit from a control group of surface fish with regressed eyes brought through lensectomies, few studies include them because of technical difficulties and the low survivorship of embryos that undergo this procedure. Here we describe a technique with significant modification for improvement for conducting lensectomy in one-day-old Astyanax and other fish, including zebrafish. Yields of up to 30 live embryos were obtained using this technique from a single spawn, thus enabling studies that require large sample sizes.

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Research Article Thu, 2 Feb 2023 14:40:41 +0200
Two new sympatric cave species of Castellanethes (Isopoda, Oniscidea, Olibrinidae) from Western High Atlas of Morocco https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/95845/ Subterranean Biology 45: 17-37

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.95845

Authors: Soumia Moutaouakil, Mohamed Boulanouar, Mohamed Ghamizi, Josiane Lips, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Two new sympatric isopod species of the genus Castellanethes (Olibrinidae) are described from caves located in the Western High Atlas of Morocco. Both species present troglomorphic traits, such as the absence of body pigmentation and eyes and are, therefore, considered cave-dwelling species (troglobitic). Castellenethes ougougensis sp. nov. was found in five caves, while C. ighousi sp. nov. is an amphibious species found in only two caves, which also harbour populations of C. ougougensis sp. nov. Additionally, notes on their habitats are provided, as well as a discussion on their conservation status.

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Research Article Mon, 30 Jan 2023 10:29:18 +0200
Vertical distribution of spiders (Araneae) in Central European shallow subterranean habitats https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/95850/ Subterranean Biology 45: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.95850

Authors: Milan Řezáč, Vlastimil Růžička, Jan Dolanský, Petr Dolejš

Abstract: Shallow subterranean habitats are among the last habitats in Central Europe to be arachnologically researched. Using stratified pipe traps, we studied the vertical distribution of spiders in soil and interspaces in bedrock (shallow subterranean habitats). Specifically, we sampled fauna in different substrates, including limestone, sandy marlstone, sandy marl, claystone, loess, and artificial gravel accumulation. Employing stratified pipe traps allowed us to identify the depth at which particular species occurred. Across multiple years and sampling sites, we collected 76 spider species, 21 of which showed an affinity for subterranean microhabitats. Some of these species occurred in interspaces in soil and bedrock, whereas others have been previously found in subterranean ant nests and animal burrows. We collected five species (Iberina microphthalma, Centromerus cf. piccolo, Porrhomma cambridgei, P. microcavense, and P. microps) almost exclusively at depths over half a meter, suggesting the strong affinity of these species for a subterranean lifestyle. We provide diagrams of these species’ vertical distribution and photo-document eye reduction. Our study demonstrates that poorly studied shallow subterranean habitats harbor diverse subterranean spider fauna, including several previously considered rare species in Central Europe.

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Research Article Wed, 18 Jan 2023 18:08:52 +0200
A new species of the genus Siambathynella Camacho, Watiroyram & Brancelj, 2011 (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from a Thai cave https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/93661/ Subterranean Biology 44: 139-152

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.93661

Authors: Ana I. Camacho, Philippe Leclerc

Abstract: Siambathynella janineana sp. nov. (family Parabathynellidae) discovered in Thailand is herein described. The new species displays an exclusive character: a distinctive organ on the antennule of males. It also displays a unique combination of morphological characters, including a seven-segmented antennule and antenna, sexual dimorphism of the antennule, a one-segmented exopod on thoracopod I and a two-segmented one on thoracopods II to VII, a male thoracopod VIII without basipodial setae and with a trapezoidal outer lobe, a female thoracopod VIII with two denticles at the base of two setae, pleopods absent, a sympod of the uropod with an inhomonomous row of spines and an uropod endopod with a spinous distal process and a very large distal spine covered with setules. This is the fifth record of Bathynellacea (family Parabathynellidae) found in caves in Thailand.

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Research Article Mon, 10 Oct 2022 10:26:13 +0300
Postembryonic development of the troglobitic planthopper species Valenciolenda fadaforesta Hoch & Sendra, 2021 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Kinnaridae), with a key to nymphal instars https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/85604/ Subterranean Biology 44: 51-68

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.85604

Authors: Alejandro Ortega-Gómez, Jesús Selfa, Alberto Sendra, Hannelore Hoch

Abstract: All nymphal instars of the recently discovered troglobitic planthopper species Valenciolenda fadaforesta Hoch & Sendra, 2021 are described. This represents the first documentation of the complete postembryonic development of any species in the family Kinnaridae. Characters of the external morphology are described and illustrated, and a key to the instars are provided to facilitate discrimination among the different nymphal stages. While V. fadaforesta nymphs share certain synapomorphies with other Fulgoromorpha (except the Tettigometridae), e.g., the cog-wheel structures of the metatrochanters, other characters may be correlated with the subterranean way of life of the species, and thus be autapomorphic, such as the absence of compound eyes in all instars.

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Research Article Thu, 1 Sep 2022 21:31:59 +0300
Behavioral observations of the olm (Proteus anguinus) in a karst spring via direct observations and camera trapping https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/87295/ Subterranean Biology 44: 69-83

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.87295

Authors: Ester Premate, Žiga Fišer, Žan Kuralt, Anja Pekolj, Tjaša Trajbarič, Eva Milavc, Živa Hanc, Rok Kostanjšek

Abstract: The olm (Proteus anguinus), an endemic amphibian of the Dinarides’ underground waters (Europe), is one of the world’s most widely known subterranean species. Although various aspects of olm biology have been extensively studied, the data on their behavior in the wild remain scarce mostly due to inaccessibility of their natural habitat. Yet, olms also occur in several karstic springs during nighttime. These are easier to access and present an exciting opportunity to study olm behavior in nature. Here, we report on systematic observations of olms in one such spring in Slovenia, where we observed them for nine consecutive summer nights, coupling direct on-site observations with IR camera trap recordings. We used IR camera trap recordings to construct simple ethograms, as well as to quantify olm movement activity by video-tracking. Olms regularly occurred on the surface during the night, and dawn appeared to be a key stimulus for their retreat underground. They were constantly active, but rarely swam far from the spring. Despite the short-term nature of the study, we collected new occurrence and movement data, and at the same time tested the usability of IR cameras for surveying olm presence and behavior in nature. Experience gained through the study may prompt long-term and more complex behavioral studies using similar approaches.

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Research Article Thu, 1 Sep 2022 14:11:34 +0300
Benthic species assemblages change through a freshwater cavern-type cenote in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/77980/ Subterranean Biology 44: 1-20

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.77980

Authors: Dorottya Angyal, Sergio Cohuo, José Manuel Castro-Pérez, Maite Mascaró, Carlos Rosas

Abstract: We studied benthic assemblages through X-Batún, a continental freshwater cenote and its associated submerged cave located in San Antonio Mulix (Yucatán, Mexico). Using cave diving techniques, we collected sediment samples at four zones of the system. We extracted and counted individuals of benthic species in three replicates of 5 grams of wet sediment at each site. The biological composition was integrated by 15 species from eight higher taxonomic groups. Non-metric multidimensional scaling distinguished four assemblages that coincided with surface, open water, cavern and cave zones. ANOSIM test revealed significant differences between the assemblages. In the deeper zones of the cenote characterized by twilight and total darkness, Ostracoda and Gastropoda show the highest diversity and abundance, with practical absence in surface sediments. This pattern may suggest ecological interactions with chemosynthetic bacterial activity. Surface shows an assemblage typical of epigean environments. Environmental variables along the cenote varied little from the upper layers to bottom. Linear correlation and detrended canonical analysis revealed that light is the main driver of benthic species assemblages. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen exert higher influence at individual biological benthic assemblage in X-Batún.

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Research Article Thu, 11 Aug 2022 08:57:32 +0300
Divergent evolutionary pathways for aggression and territoriality in Astyanax cavefish https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79318/ Subterranean Biology 43: 169-183

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.73.79318

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Emily Collins, C. Patricia Ornelas García, Sylvie Rétaux, Nicolas Rohner, Jennifer Rutkowski

Abstract: The surface morph of the Mexican tetra fish (Astyanax mexicanus) exhibits strong territoriality behavior and high levels of aggression. In contrast, the eyeless cave-adapted morph from Sierra de El Abra, México, rarely are aggressive and have totally lost the territorial behavior. These behaviors are part of what has been called the cavefish behavioral syndrome. Here, we report that several Astyanax cave populations of Sierra de Guatemala, unlike those reported for the Sierra de El Abra cave populations, display significant territoriality and aggression when confined into a reduced space. We discuss divergent evolutionary trajectories in terms of agonistic behavior for cavefish populations inhabiting different mountain ranges.

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Research Article Fri, 15 Jul 2022 03:53:31 +0300
Three new troglobitic Coarazuphium (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Zuphiini) species from a Brazilian hotspot of cave beetles: exploring how the environmental attributes of caves drive ground-beetle niches https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/73185/ Subterranean Biology 43: 97-126

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.73185

Authors: Thais Giovannini Pellegrini, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira, Robson de Almeida Zampaulo, Letícia Vieira

Abstract: Three new species of troglobitic beetles of the genus Coarazuphium are described from specimens collected in iron ore caves in the Flona de Carajás in Brazil, doubling the number of known species for the Carajás region. The new species of Coarazuphium are morphologically similar to the already described species from the same region and are distributed in a small geographic range. From all Coarazuphium species of the region, including the new ones, two stand out, C. spinifemur and C. xingu sp. nov., which are the smallest Coarazuphium species. Both species have shorter legs and antennae when compared to the others. The main characteristic that differentiates C. xikrin sp. nov. and C. kayapo sp. nov. from the other two species from the Carajás region, C. tapiaguassu and C. amazonicum, is that the new species have more numerous setigerous punctures dorsally on the head. With the three new species added to the six already described congeners, the area of intense mining of the Carajás region includes the highest diversity of obligatory cave-dwelling beetles in Brazil, representing a hotspot of cave beetles. Coarazuphium xikrin sp. nov. and C. amazonicum co-occur in some of the caves of the Carajás region, which is possible due to putative niche differentiation between the species. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining legal provisions that ensure the preservation of caves, especially those most relevant regarding physical and biotic aspects, which is crucial for the conservation of Brazilian subterranean biodiversity.

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Research Article Fri, 10 Jun 2022 08:45:54 +0300
Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/78074/ Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074

Authors: Luiz Ricardo L. Simone, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Eupera troglobia sp. nov. is the first fully described troglobitic bivalve discovered in the Americas, and possibly the second in the world. The troglobitic designation is based on the lack of pigmentation, reduction in size and shell thickness, and large and few offspring. Unlike its relatives that live in the roots of the water hyacinth, this new species is attached to the walls of the caves with a byssus. The anatomical study shows some peculiarities in comparison with the congeners, especially the simplicity of the foot, the siphons and the gut. This discovery is a new contribution to the efforts for the conservation of subterranean habitats in Brazil.

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Research Article Wed, 13 Apr 2022 17:22:17 +0300
Seasonal abundance and spatio-temporal distribution of the troglophylic harvestman Ischyropsalis ravasinii (Arachnida, Opiliones, Ischyropsalididae) in the Buso del Valon ice cave, Eastern Italian Prealps https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/81486/ Subterranean Biology 42: 151-164

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.81486

Authors: Ivan Petri, Francesco Ballarin, Leonardo Latella

Abstract: We explore the population of the troglophilic harvestman Ischyropsalis ravasinii inhabiting the Buso del Valon ice cave located in the Italian Prealps. Spatial and temporal distributions of the specimens are investigated in relation to the variation of environmental abiotic conditions in the cave, such as the seasonal temperature and substrate surface typology. Our results show that I. ravasinii is distributed unevenly in the cave, most of individuals being present in the scree-covered section of the cave with superficial activities limited to the warm seasons only. In addition, our data suggests that the presence of a thick layer of rocky debris, together with high humidity and cold temperatures, are important limiting factors for the species. Seven additional species of harvestman are recorded in the cave, including the congeneric troglophilic species Ischyropsalis strandi. This is the first known record of these two troglophilic Ischyropsalis species coexisting within the same cave. An updated map of the distribution of I. ravasinii and I. strandi in the Italian Prealps is provided.

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Research Article Fri, 8 Apr 2022 18:51:11 +0300
A new obligate groundwater species of Asellus (Isopoda, Asellidae) from Iran https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79447/ Subterranean Biology 42: 97-124

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.79447

Authors: Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini, Jure Jugovic, Yaser Fatemi, Matjaž Kuntner, Rok Kostanjšek, Christophe J. Douady, Florian Malard

Abstract: With only 43 described stygobionts and only two isopod species the obligate groundwater fauna of Iran, a vast country with over 10% of limestone surface, is inadequately known. Here, we report the discovery of Asellus ismailsezarii sp. nov. from Zagros mountains, the first eyeless and depigmented asellid isopod from Iran. The new species is morphologically similar to Asellus monticola Birstein, 1932, but it is eyeless and fully depigmented, has a slightly curved pereopod IV and does not bear any setae on proximal margins of exopodite of pleopods IV and V. Species phylogenetic relationships using original and datamined mitochondrial DNA and nuclear rDNA, and estimation of molecular divergences with other Asellus species, suggest that A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. is sister to a larger clade that also contains the European A. aquaticus species complex. Surface populations of Asellus have colonized groundwater at multiple occasions and localities, both in Europe and Asia, giving rise to species and subspecies that have evolved troglomorphisms, such as depigmentation and loss of eyes. Of the 37 formally described species and subspecies of Asellus, 15 are from groundwater, including A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. We predict that many more obligate groundwater Asellus taxa are yet to be discovered in Asia.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2022 16:12:22 +0200
Observations on the habitat and feeding behaviour of the hypogean genus Eukoenenia (Palpigradi, Eukoeneniidae) in the Western Italian Alps https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/75784/ Subterranean Biology 42: 23-41

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.75784

Authors: Valentina Balestra, Enrico Lana, Stefano Vanin

Abstract: The order Palpigradi includes species characterized by millimetric size and a characteristic flagellum with bristles at the end of the opisthosoma. They represent one of the less well-known and obscure arachnid orders. In this paper, observations were made on the ecology and feeding behavior of species belonging to the genus Eukoenenia Börner, 1901, from the Western Italian Alps. Direct observations and photographic documentation of 141 individuals in their cave habitat, allowed the recording of data on the physical and trophic conditions such as the presence/absence of trophic resources, temperature and relative humidity, of the underground environment in which they were found. Results showed that the species of this taxon are not as rare as previously reported and that their presence is mainly influenced by temperature, relative humidity, trophic resources and the presence of two speleothems: rimstone dams and rafts. The combination of our observations as well as data previously published highlights that the taxon can have predatory and saprophagous feeding behavior depending on the availability of the food resources. This work represents the starting point for a further investigation of the taxon.

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Research Article Tue, 18 Jan 2022 13:48:22 +0200
An annotated checklist of groundwater Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Romania with notes on their distribution and ecology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/72542/ Subterranean Biology 41: 87-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.41.72542

Authors: Sanda Iepure, Carmen-Andreea Bădăluţă, Oana Teodora Moldovan

Abstract: Romania, by its position in East-Central Europe has a complex geological history, high landscape heterogeneity and variable climatic conditions, ranging from temperate-continental in the northeast to sub-Mediterranean in the southwest. These conditions have created repeated waves of colonisation of groundwater by copepods, which raise particular interest in this group from a biogeographical perspective. The earliest investigations on groundwater copepods, dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, have resulted in a wealth of information on the richness of this group, making Romania one of the best studied regions from this perspective in Europe. Groundwater copepods in Romania are currently represented by 107 species and subspecies, of which 60 are harpacticoids (56%) and 47 are cyclopoids (43.9%). Of these, 50.5% are strict stygobites (32.7% harpacticoids and 17.7% cyclopoids). Among stygobite copepods 29 species (35 harpacticoids and 19 cyclopoids) are endemic to the country. Almost 86% of the species are single-site endemics (single cave, or single hyporheic or phreatic site) and the rest are restricted in distribution to a single aquifer or hydrographic basin. The aim of the present checklist represents a significant contribution to the knowledge of groundwater copepods in Romania and provides a sound baseline for future comparative faunal studies focused on the affinities and origins of copepods and the analysis of their biogeographical distribution patterns at regional and continental scales.

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Checklist Thu, 23 Dec 2021 20:56:26 +0200
The first troglobitic Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the karst area of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil: a threatened species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/77451/ Subterranean Biology 40: 109-128

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.77451

Authors: Leonardo de Assis, Diego Monteiro von Schimonsky, Maria Elina Bichuette

Abstract: Pseudochthonius ramalho sp. nov. is described to Gruna do Vandercir cave, in the Serra do Ramalho karst area, southwestern Bahia, Brazil. This area has an extensive limestone outcrop, with several caves, and the occurrence of potential minerals that are financially attractive for mining projects. The new species shows troglomorphic characteristics such as the depigmentation of the carapace and absence or reduction of eyes. It is a rare troglobitic species, and following the criteria of IUCN, we categorized the species as Critically Endangered – CR, IUCN criteria B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). According to Brazilian legislation, locations, where critically endangered species live, can be protected by law, and we consider this cave/region to be of maximal relevance for protection.

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Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 11:50:33 +0200
Don’t forget the vertical dimension: assessment of distributional dynamics of cave-dwelling invertebrates in both ground and parietal microhabitats https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/71805/ Subterranean Biology 40: 43-63

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.71805

Authors: Valentina Balestra, Enrico Lana, Cristina Carbone, Jo De Waele, Raoul Manenti, Loris Galli

Abstract: Biological studies on factors shaping underground communities are poor, especially those considering simultaneously organisms with different degrees of adaptation to cave life. In this study, we assessed the annual dynamics and use of both horizontal and vertical microhabitats of a whole community with the aim of understanding whether cave-dwelling organisms have a similar distribution among vertical and ground-level microhabitats and to find out which microhabitat features influence such distribution. We monthly assessed from 2017 to 2018, by direct observation combined with quadrat sampling method on the ground and transects on the walls, richness and abundance of 62 cave-dwelling species in a cave of Northern Italy. Environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, relative humidity and mineralogical composition of the substrates were measured during each monitoring session, influencing the dynamics of the whole community and revealing significant differences between ground and wall microhabitats. A gradient of variation of the species assemblages occurred from the entrance toward inner areas, however, evidence that the dynamics of the walls are very different from those occurring at the ground independent from the distance from the surface are shown. Biodiversity indices highlighted sampling area diversity and a discrete total cave fauna biodiversity with the highest values found near the entrance and the lowest in the inner part of the cave.

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Research Article Thu, 14 Oct 2021 07:40:43 +0300
A comparison of collecting methods in relation to the diversity of Collembola in scree habitats https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/69808/ Subterranean Biology 40: 1-26

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.69808

Authors: Nikola Jureková, Natália Raschmanová, Dana Miklisová, Ľubomír Kováč

Abstract: We compared the species composition, relative abundances and life form structure of subterranean Collembola (Hexapoda) captured by two different methods along a depth gradient of five forested scree sites in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia: (1) high-gradient extraction of soil samples, and (2) collection using subterranean traps. Our results showed that the soil samples were more efficient in covering species richness at the majority of the sites. The body size of the captured animals depended remarkably on the sampling method. Extraction was more effective in collecting smaller, less active hemi- and euedaphic forms of Collembola, while collection by subterranean traps favoured both motile ground-dwelling as well as relatively large, active euedaphobionts. Additionally, different trends in the vertical stratification of Collembola life forms and their relative abundances were detected by the two methods. Atmobionts and epigeonts, forming the greater part of the communities in traps compared to soil samples, were distributed along the entire scree profiles, but their relative abundance and species numbers had a strongly decreasing trend with depth. Moreover, motile, large hemi- and euedaphic forms had high relative abundances in traps in the middle and deeper scree levels at three sites. In contrast, in soil samples the hemi- and euedaphobionts with small body size were abundant on the surface of the MSS sites. Thus, soil sampling applied before installation of subterranean traps may serve as an appropriate complementary technique to obtain a more complete pattern of Collembola diversity in forested scree habitats.

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Research Article Tue, 14 Sep 2021 10:20:37 +0300
Reproduction, development, asymmetry and late eye regression in the Brazilian cave catfish Ituglanis passensis (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae): evidence contributing to the neutral mutation theory https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/60691/ Subterranean Biology 38: 91-112

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.31.60691

Authors: Sandro Secutti, Eleonora Trajano

Abstract: The troglobitic (exclusively subterranean source population) catfish Ituglanis passensis (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) is endemic to the Passa Três Cave, São Domingos karst area, Rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil. This unique population presents variably reduced eyes and melanic pigmentation. We describe reproduction and early development in this species based on a spontaneous (non-induced) reproductive-event that occurred in the laboratory in January–February, 2009, while simultaneously comparing with data from the cave-habitat and a previous reproductive event. Egg laying was parceled. Egg-size and number were within variations observed in epigean congeners. Larvae behavior and growth is described. A single surviving specimen was monitored over two years. Eye-regression started late, one year after birth, and followed a pattern of stasis phases intercalated with slow growth and fluctuating asymmetric rates. Late eye regression, associated with asymmetry in eye development and intra-population variability of troglomorphic traits, as shown by several Brazilian subterranean fishes, provide support for the Neutral Mutation Theory.

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Research Article Mon, 19 Apr 2021 08:19:33 +0300
First record of stygobiotic gastropod genus Travunijana Grego & Glöer, 2019 (Mollusca, Hydrobiidae) from Montenegro https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/64762/ Subterranean Biology 38: 65-76

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.64762

Authors: Jozef Grego, Vladimir Pešić

Abstract: The stygobiotic genus Travunijana Grego & Glöer, 2019 is one of the typical elements of the subterranean freshwater fauna of the Trebišnjica River Basin in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The previous records of the genus suggested that its distribution was limited to the basin of the Trebišnjica River and adjacent parts of the southwestern Neretva Basin. In this paper we describe a new species, Travunijana djokovici sp. nov. from “Vriješko Vrelo” spring in Montenegro. The recent finding of a new species in the Skadar Lake basin (The Drin River system) suggests the possibility of a subterranean route between the Trebišnjica and the Drin drainages, indicating that likely the endemic subterranean fauna in both basins has a lower level of historical isolation than has been considered so far.

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Research Article Thu, 15 Apr 2021 15:46:00 +0300
Two new stygobiotic species of Horatia Bourguignat, 1887 (Hydrobiidae) from Croatia https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/61573/ Subterranean Biology 37: 89-104

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.61573

Authors: Andrzej Falniowski, Jozef Grego, Aleksandra Rysiewska, Artur Osikowski, Sebastian Hofman

Abstract: In this paper we describe two new species of the freshwater snails of genus Horatia. A new stygobiotic species of Horatia Bourguignat, 1887 is described from Izvor Beguša in Croatia. It occurs in sympatry with the crenobiotic H. klecakiana Bourguignat, 1887, but is morphologically and molecularly distinct. It is characterized by the terminal part of the body whorl separated from the columella, and neither eyes nor any pigment on the soft parts. It is a stygobiont gastropod, known so far only from one living specimen and several empty shells, thus its soft part morphology and anatomy remain unknown. Another new species of stygobiotic Horatia was found inside the cave Mali Rumin, its description is based solely on numerous empty shells from the cave sediments.

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Research Article Tue, 16 Feb 2021 15:13:09 +0200
Uptaded checklist, historical overview and illustrated guide to the stygobiont Malacostraca (Arthropoda: Crustacea) species of Yucatan (Mexico) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/53558/ Subterranean Biology 36: 83-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.53558

Authors: Dorottya Angyal, Nuno Simões, Maite Mascaró

Abstract: This study provides an updated checklist and an illustrated guide to the 17 currently known stygobiont Malacostraca species of the state of Yucatan (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico). The compilation is based on the individuals collected during our cave-diving expeditions (2016–2019), and, has the purpose of expanding previous knowledge on the taxonomy of these subterranean crustaceans. The identification guide contains drawings of the main diagnostic characters of the species as well as a brief introduction of the relevant malacostracan orders. The information is further complemented with a historic account and timeline of the stygobiont Malacostraca species of the Yucatan Peninsula. This is the first study that provides a unified tool for the morphological identification of these highly endemic species.

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Research Article Mon, 30 Nov 2020 08:47:45 +0200
Let research on subterranean habitats resonate! https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/59960/ Subterranean Biology 36: 63-71

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.59960

Authors: Stefano Mammola, Alejandro Martinez

Abstract: Whereas scientists interested in subterranean life typically insist that their research is exciting, adventurous, and important to answer general questions, this enthusiasm and potential often fade when the results are translated into scientific publications. This is because cave research is often written by cave scientists for cave scientists; thus, it rarely “leaves the cave”. However, the status quo is changing rapidly. We analysed 21,486 articles focused on subterranean ecosystems published over the last three decades and observed a recent, near-exponential increase in their annual citations and impact factor. Cave research is now more often published in non-specialized journals, thanks to a number of authors who are exploiting subterranean habitats as model systems for addressing important scientific questions. Encouraged by this positive trend, we here propose a few personal ideas for improving the generality of subterranean literature, including tips for framing broadly scoped research and making it accessible to a general audience, even when published in cave-specialized journals. Hopefully, this small contribution will succeed in condensing and broadcasting even further the collective effort taken by the subterranean biology community to bring their research “outside the cave”.

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Short Communication Mon, 16 Nov 2020 16:16:56 +0200
A new species of Neocarus (Opilioacaridae) from a Brazilian ferruginous geosystem and notes on natural history https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/54034/ Subterranean Biology 36: 11-33

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.54034

Authors: Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira Bernardi, Robson de Almeida Zampaulo, Marcus Paulo Alves de Oliveira

Abstract: A new species of Neocarus is described from adult female and male specimens collected from an epigean and hypogean ferruginous geosystem located in southeast Brazil. The new species, Neocarus simmonsi sp. nov., possesses 15–17 ch-type palp setae, nude female pregenital Sternitogenital region, cylindrical ovipositor without setae, and a peculiar variation of setae in the genital and pregenital Sternitogenital region of the male, with smooth and tapering setae and/or barbed and tapering setae and/or stout and ribbed setae. Female genital setae are barbed, tapering and with a thin tip. Aspects of the ecology and life history of these mites are also presented.

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Research Article Mon, 16 Nov 2020 08:23:35 +0200
A new species of Laoennea microsnail (Stylommatophora, Diapheridae) from a cave in Laos https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/58977/ Subterranean Biology 36: 1-9

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.58977

Authors: Adrienne Jochum, Estée Bochud, Adrien Favre, Marina Ferrand, Quentin Wackenheim

Abstract: The genus Laoennea (Streptaxoidea, Diapheridae) was erected by Páll-Gergely, 2020. The type species, Laoennea carychioides Páll-Gergely, A. Reischütz & Maassen, 2020 is so far only known from the type locality cave in Laos. Herein, we describe a second species, Laoennea renouardi sp. nov., from a nearby cave in the same karst region of Vientiane Province.

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Research Article Fri, 13 Nov 2020 08:53:42 +0200
Hydraulic flow resistance of epigean and hypogean fish of the family Trichomycteridae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/55064/ Subterranean Biology 35: 97-110

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.35.55064

Authors: Francisco Alexandre Costa Sampaio, Marina Silva Rufino, Paulo Santos Pompeu, Hersília de Andrade е Santos, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Critical swimming speeds of four trichomycterid fish species from epigean and hypogean environments were analyzed and compared: Trichomycterus itacarambiensis and Ituglanis passensis, both troglobitic from underground rivers; Trichomycterus brasiliensis, from epigean rivers; and Ituglanis sp., an undescribed troglophilic species from an underground stream. Swimming tests were conducted with a non-volitional apparatus in which fish swim against a progressive incremental water velocity until they longer resist the flow. Total length was significantly related to critical speed for only T. itacarambiensis. The critical speed obtained by each species, in decreasing order, with values in lengths per second (lengths/s), were: I. passensis (3.61), T. itacarambiensis (3.49), T. brasiliensis (3.11) and Ituglanis sp. (1.89). Swimming performance differed between the congeners T. itacarambiensis and T. brasiliensis, but did not differed between I. passensis and Ituglanis sp. The greater speed for the troglobitic species compared to that of the troglophilic and epigean species is probably related to seasonal flooding pulses that can be extremely severe in caves. Furthermore, during the tests, fish were observed using their mouth and/or barbels to fasten themselves to the substrate to avoid high flows.

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Research Article Fri, 23 Oct 2020 08:22:32 +0300
Two new dipluran species unearthed from subterranean habitats of the Canary Islands (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/50231/ Subterranean Biology 34: 39-59

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.34.50231

Authors: Alberto Sendra, Heriberto López, Jesús Selfa, Pedro Oromí

Abstract: Two new dipluran species of the family Campodeidae have been unearthed in the Canary Islands. Remycampa herbanica sp. nov. was found in a highly threatened lava tube on Fuerteventura island. It is related to the soil-dwelling northwest African Remycampa launeyi that also inhabits four of the Canary Islands. The two known Remycampa species are characterized by a torsion of the labial palps. They differ chiefly in the distribution of macrosetae and in the features of cave adaptation of R. herbanica, i.e. elongation of body and appendages, and a higher number of olfactory chemoreceptors with a coniform shape unique within campodeids. Spaniocampa relicta sp. nov. was collected in the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) and has been assigned to a formerly monotypic genus that includes the soil-dwelling Spaniocampa prima from the Republic of Guinea. The two species differ in the number of abdominal macrosetae. Females of S. relicta sp. nov. have small setae arranged in groups along the posterior border of the first urosternite. These structures of unknown function have never been described in other campodeid species. Sequencing the COI barcode region of R. herbanica has been produced but it proved insufficient to identify closest relatives. The two new hexapods from subterranean habitats raise the Canarian campodeid fauna to six species. Five of them are living in soil and/or MSS, whereas the cave-adapted R. herbanica is known only from a single, particularly endangered lava tube distant from other caves.

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Research Article Wed, 18 Mar 2020 09:20:44 +0200
Troglomorphism in the brittle star Ophionereis commutabilis Bribiesca-Contreras et al., 2019 (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophionereididae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/48721/ Subterranean Biology 33: 87-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.33.48721

Authors: Francisco Márquez-Borrás, Francisco A. Solís-Marín, Luis M. Mejía-Ortiz

Abstract: Due to their peculiar and sometimes bizarre morphology, cave fauna (across invertebrates and vertebrates from both aquatic and terrestrial cave habitats) have fascinated researchers throughout history. Despite their success in colonizing most marine ecosystems, the adaptations of cave brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) to a stygobiotic lifestyle have been scarcely examined. Employing comparative methods on a data set of two species belonging to the genus Ophionereis, this study addresses whether a cave-dwelling species from Cozumel exhibited similar troglomorphic traits as those of other taxa inhabiting caves. Our work demonstrated that some characters representing potential morphological cave adaptations in O. commutabilis were: bigger sizes, elongation of arms and tube feet and the presence of traits potentially paedomorphic. In addition, an element of ophiuroid’s photoreceptor system, as well as pigmentation, was observed to be peculiar in this stygobiotic species, plausibly as a result of inhabiting a low light-energy environment. Finally, we add evidence to the statement that O. commutabilis is a cave endemic species, already supported by demography, distribution and origin of this species, and now by a typical array of troglomorphisms.

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Research Article Thu, 5 Mar 2020 18:58:30 +0200
Updates to the sporadic knowledge on microsporidian infections in groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Niphargidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/48633/ Subterranean Biology 33: 71-85

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.33.48633

Authors: Daniel Grabner, Dieter Weber, Alexander M. Weigand

Abstract: A set of 69 specimens from 19 groundwater species of the genera Niphargus, Niphargellus, Microniphargus and Crangonyx was genetically screened for microsporidian infections. Samples mostly originated from groundwater-dependent spring environments (71%), natural caves (9%) and artificial caverns/tunnels (13%). Amphipod hosts were identified by morphology and/or molecular data, whereas microsporidian parasites were characterised by a genetic screening assay targeting a section of the small subunit rRNA gene. Five microsporidian species (Dictyocoela duebenum; Nosema sp.; Hyperspora aquatica and two undescribed Microsporidium spp.) were revealed from 13 host specimens (Niphargus schellenbergi; N. aquilex lineages B, F and G; Niphargellus arndti). In particular N. schellenbergi was frequently infected with D. duebenum as well as a new and potentially niphargid-specific Nosema sp. identified in Niphargellus arndti. Our results shed further light on the still largely unknown diversity and specificity of microsporidian parasites in groundwater amphipods and subterranean animals in general.

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Research Article Thu, 13 Feb 2020 13:18:48 +0200
Metabolic responses to long-term food deprivation in subterranean and surface amphipods https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/48483/ Subterranean Biology 33: 1-15

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.33.48483

Authors: Parvathi Nair, Mar Huertas, Weston H. Nowlin

Abstract: A long-standing hypothesis in subterranean biology posits that organisms living in poor resource subsurface habitats can withstand long periods of bioenergetic shortages due to an innate reduced metabolic rate when compared to their epigean counterparts. However, previous studies have proposed that caves with ample energy resources may not evolve organisms with reduced metabolic rate. The equivocal nature of previous findings suggests that there is a need to compare food deprivation responses of subterranean and surface species in order to elucidate whether there are widespread adaptations to low energy systems in subterranean taxa. The purpose of the study was to examine patterns in basal metabolism and the effects of food deprivation in closely related subterranean- and epigean- amphipods, Stygobromus pecki and Synurella sp. from central and east Texas, USA, respectively. Basal metabolic rates (measured as O2 consumption) differed between species, with S. pecki having substantially lower rates than Synurella. Individuals of both species were food deprived for a pre-determined time interval and changes in total body protein, lipids, and carbohydrates were measured throughout food deprivation experiments. Stygobromus pecki had larger initial energy stores than Synurella and were more conservative in the use of energetic reserves over a prolonged period of food deprivation. Thus, it appears that although S. pecki are currently found in shallow phreatic and spring opening environments, they have maintained more efficient metabolic adaptations to deal with prolonged periods of food deprivation.

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Research Article Mon, 13 Jan 2020 08:41:22 +0200
Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773 predatism on bats during winter period https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/46617/ Subterranean Biology 32: 111-117

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.32.46617

Authors: Alexander Zhigalin

Abstract: This work presents the results of a three-year natural environment experiment in a cave in Barsukovskaya, Siberia), aimed at assessing the possible impact of mammals preying on a wintering group of bats. The average consumed biomass amount per year was about 2108 g and the estimated number of prey animals was 214, which is about 20% of the maximum number of animals observed. The biomass consumed poorly correlates with the number of animals in the cave. The proportion of the various species remaining in the excrement of predators is strongly determined by the number of these species in the accessible part of the cave. The amount of excrement indicates the regular predatism on bats and, therefore, the presence of specific behavioural adaptation in Mustela sibirica.

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Research Article Fri, 6 Dec 2019 08:49:39 +0200
First record of Amphoromorpha/ Basidiobolus fungus on centipedes (Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae) from Brazilian caves https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/38310/ Subterranean Biology 32: 61-67

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.32.38310

Authors: Régia Mayane Pacheco Fonseca, Caio César Pires de Paula, Maria Elina Bichuette, Amazonas Chagas Jr

Abstract: We identified Basidiobolus fungi on geophilomorphan centipedes (Chilopoda) from caves of Southeast Brazil. Twelve specimens of centipedes of the family Geophilidae were examined, and two of them carried the secondary capilliconidia of Basidiobolus on their exoskeleton. The fungus uses the surface of the exoskeleton as a support for the asexual reproductive structure. In this manner, the host is used for the purpose of dispersing its spores. This study expands current knowledge of the diversity of arthropods used as host for the fungus, and in particular for Basidiobolus, living in cave habitats.

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Short Communication Thu, 19 Sep 2019 08:44:04 +0300
Discovery of a new population of the federally endangered Alabama Cave Shrimp, Palaemonias alabamae Smalley, 1961, in northern Alabama https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/38280/ Subterranean Biology 32: 43-59

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.32.38280

Authors: Matthew L. Niemiller, Thomas Inebnit, Amata Hinkle, Bradley D. Jones, Mark Jones, Joseph Lamb, Nathaniel Mann, Benjamin Miller, Jennifer Pinkley, Stephen Pitts, Kayla N. Sapkota, Michael E. Slay

Abstract: The Alabama Cave Shrimp Palaemonias alabamae Smalley, 1961 is a federally endangered cave shrimp endemic to just four cave systems within and near the greater Huntsville metropolitan area in Madison County, Alabama USA. It is one of two described atyid cave shrimp in the Interior Low Plateau karst region. Here we report the discovery of a new population of P. alabamae from the Fern Cave system in western Jackson County, Alabama. We observed four cave shrimp in August 2018 in an isolated pool in the base-level stream passage of the longest cave system in Alabama. Two cave shrimp were observed during a subsequent survey in July 2019: one in the same isolated pool and a second shrimp in a pool in the main stream passage. Morphological and genetic analyses confirm that this population is closely allied with other populations in Madison County. This new population expands the known distribution of the species into a new county and watershed (Lower Paint Rock River). The potential exists to discover additional populations in Paint Rock River valley and other nearby regions.

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Short Communication Wed, 18 Sep 2019 08:11:59 +0300
A comparison of morphology and web geometry between hypogean and epigean species of Metellina orb spiders (family Tetragnathidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/36222/ Subterranean Biology 32: 1-13

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.32.36222

Authors: Thomas Hesselberg, Daniel Simonsen

Abstract: Studies on the behaviour of subterranean animals are rare, mainly due to the problems with collecting data in these inaccessible habitats. Web-building cave spiders, however, leave a semi-permanent record of their foraging behaviour, which can relatively easily be recorded. In this study, we compare size, leg lengths and web characteristics between hypogean populations of Metellina merianae with its close wood-inhabiting relative M. mengei. We confirm previous observations that M. merianae does not show any obvious morphological and behavioural adaptions to a subterranean life-style, although individuals of the cave species were significantly larger and had webs with relatively fewer radii and capture spiral turns than M. mengei. We were, however, not able to determine if these findings indicate a transition towards behavioural adaptation to caves or if they are a result of behavioural flexibility in response to the different humidity and temperature between caves and woodland. Finally, we did not find any effect of cave characteristics on either the number of radii or the area of the M. merianae web.

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Research Article Mon, 19 Aug 2019 08:31:12 +0300
Distribution of Oribatida (Acari) along a depth gradient in forested scree slopes https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/36241/ Subterranean Biology 31: 29-48

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.31.36241

Authors: Patrícia Jakšová, Peter Ľuptáčik, Dana Miklisová

Abstract: Mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) of scree slopes constitutes a transition habitat between the soil and the network of voids in the vadose zone of a bedrock massif. In the present study, the vertical distribution of oribatid communities along a depth of 95 cm was studied at five forested MSS sites in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia. The sites differed in type of bedrock, topography and gradient of the microclimate and nutrients content. In all, 909 specimens were captured in subterranean traps exposed for one year. Most Oribatida represented edaphic forms, and their presence in the depth profile of the screes was accidental. Pantelozetes cavatica (Kunst, 1962) was the only species closely linked to deep subterranean environments found in the deeper part of the single limestone site studied. Species richness and the activity of oribatids along the scree profile at the sites clearly reflected the content of organic carbon in the soil substratum. The communities had very low numbers of individuals and low species richness at three sites with soil pH < 7 and organic carbon content in the upper soil layer ≤ 10%. However, they differed markedly in internal temperature dynamics. The other two sites, with a slightly alkaline soil pH and a higher carbon content, showed distinctly higher activity and a relatively uniform pattern of oribatid distribution across the depth profile. The soil pH and organic carbon content in the topsoil layer were substantial factors that determined the Oribatida diversity and vertical distribution in the forested screes.

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Research Article Mon, 8 Jul 2019 16:09:45 +0300
Sinkhole and brackish water nereidid polychaetes: Revision of Stenoninereis Wesenberg-Lund, 1958 (Annelida) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/36273/ Subterranean Biology 30: 95-115

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.30.36273

Authors: Víctor Manuel Conde-Vela

Abstract: Stenoninereis species are nereidids with a small body (ca. 35 chaetigers), dorsal cirri with conspicuous cirrophores and cirrostyles, bare pharynx, and lack of neuropodial ventral ligules throughout the body. Currently, there are two valid species, S. martini Wesenberg-Lund, 1958 from the Lesser Antilles and S. tecolutlensis de León-González & Solís-Weiss, 1997 from Eastern Mexico. Nicon lackeyi Hartman, 1958 has been regarded as a junior synonym of S. martini. The examination of type and topotype specimens indicated that N. lackeyi is a distinct species and both species are redescribed, S. martini is restricted to the Caribbean islands, and N. lackeyi is reinstated and transferred to Stenoninereis. Further, Puerto Rican specimens differ from these known species and a new species, S. elisae is also described, featured mainly by large cirrophores and short cirrostyles in anterior and middle chaetigers. Further discussions about their morphology and phylogenetic affinities and a key to identify all known Stenoninereis species are also included.

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Research Article Fri, 5 Jul 2019 10:08:32 +0300
Two caves in western Honduras are important for bat conservation: first checklist of bats in Santa Bárbara https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/35420/ Subterranean Biology 30: 41-55

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.30.35420

Authors: Manfredo Alejandro Turcios-Casco, Diego Iván Ordoñez Mazier, José Alejandro Soler Orellana, Hefer Daniel Ávila-Palma, Eduardo Javier Ordoñez Trejo

Abstract: Caves are important reservoirs for species, including bats, but in Honduras there is little known information about these biodiverse ecosystems. We describe the importance of two caves in Ceguaca in western Honduras, based on the species richness of each cave. From December 2015 to May 2016, we used three mist-nets in seven journeys (74.27 mist-net/hours). We captured 139 bats belonging to 23 species of four families. We recorded 10 species in the crop of Quita Sueño, 10 in the cave of El Peñón, and 12 in the cave of Monte Grueso. In overall, 17% of the bats were captured in the crops of Quita Sueño, 62% in the cave of Monte Grueso, and 21% in the cave of El Peñón. About 9% of bat species of the total account for Honduras could be found in the cave of El Peñón, and 10% in the cave of Monte Grueso. If we consider the number of the species that have been recorded since 1979, between 20.9 and 49.2% of the expected species are still unrecorded, this suggests that despite low sampling effort there is a high diversity. However, the diversity of bats species using these caves embraced on the Tropical Dry Forest of Ceguaca is threatened by the fragmentation of the ecosystem due to the following reasons: intentional fires in the caves, extensive cattle raising, replacement of native plants with extensions of crops, and human-vampire conflicts (Desmodus rotundus).

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Research Article Thu, 27 Jun 2019 15:31:39 +0300
Morphometrics and phylogeography of the cave-obligate land snail Helicodiscus barri (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Helicodiscidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/35321/ Subterranean Biology 30: 1-32

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.30.35321

Authors: Nicholas S. Gladstone, Matthew L. Niemiller, Evelyn B. Pieper, Katherine E. Dooley, Michael L. McKinney

Abstract: Molecular studies have recently led to the detection of many cryptic species complexes within morphologically ambiguous species formerly undescribed by the scientific community. Organisms such as land snails are at a particularly higher risk of species misidentification and misinterpretation, in that gastropod systematics are based almost entirely on external shell morphology. Subterranean ecosystems are associated with especially high degrees of cryptic speciation, largely owing to the abiotic similarities of these systems. In this study, we attempt to diagnose the potential cryptic diversity in the troglobitic land snail Helicodiscus barri. Land snails are generally associated with having low vagility, and as such this species’ broad, mosaic distribution indicates the misdiagnosis of this organism as a single species. We analyze both mitochondrial (16S, CO1) and nuclear (28S, H3) genetic data for 23 populations. Phylogeny for H. barri was reconstructed using both maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches to assess relationships among populations, and two species delimitation methods (mPTP and ABGD) were used to detect the presence of unique molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Species delimitation results revealed seven and sixteen MOTUs respectively, suggesting the presence of several cryptic lineages within H. barri. To assess how external shell morphology corresponds with patterns of genetic and environmental variation, two morphometric approaches were used incorporating 115 shells from 31 populations. Both morphometric approaches reveal a significant environmental influence on shell morphology, and one approach showed the significance of MOTU groups. We discuss the delimitation and morphometric results and additionally provide discussion on the taxonomic and conservation implications of this study.

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Research Article Wed, 29 May 2019 12:45:36 +0300
First record of albinism for the doglike bat, Peropteryx kappleri Peters, 1867 (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/34223/ Subterranean Biology 30: 33-40

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.30.34223

Authors: Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira Bernardi, Xavier Prous, Mariane S. Ribeiro, Juliana Mascarenhas, Sebastião Maximiano Correa Genelhú, Matheus Henrique Simões, Tatiana Bezerra

Abstract: Albinism is a type of deficient in melanin production could be the result of genetic anomalies that are manifest as the absence of coloration of part or the entire body of an organism. This type of chromatic disorder can affect several vertebrate species, but is rarely found in nature. Among bats, more than 450 cases of total or partial loss of body pigmentation have been reported. Herein we provide the first report of albinism for the bat species Peropteryx kappleri (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) with two such specimens being observed from iron formation caves in a conservation unit “Floresta Nacional de Carajás”, Amazon forest, northern of Brazil.

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Short Communication Wed, 29 May 2019 09:15:39 +0300
Corrigenda: First record of subterranean freshwater gastropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the cenotes of Yucatán state. Subterranean Biology 29: 79–88. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.29.32779 https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/34512/ Subterranean Biology 29: 103-104

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.29.34512

Authors: Jozef Grego, Dorottya Angyal, Luis Arturo Liévano Beltrán

Abstract: no abstract

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Corrigenda Thu, 11 Apr 2019 11:39:51 +0300
First record of subterranean freshwater gastropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the cenotes of Yucatán state https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/32779/ Subterranean Biology 29: 79-88

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.29.32779

Authors: Jozef Grego, Dorottya Angyal, Luis Arturo Liévano Beltrán

Abstract: The biospeleological investigations of several cenotes in the eastern region of Yucatán state, Mexico, during January 2018 yielded, among other invertebrates, two new truncatelloid gastropod species described herein as Mexicenotica xochii gen. n. et sp. n. and Pyrgophorus thompsoni sp. n. Both species represent the first record of stygobiont gastropod species from the cenotes of Yucatán indicating the high biodiversity potential of the studied area.

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Research Article Mon, 18 Feb 2019 10:36:10 +0200
Richness and taxonomic distinctness of cave invertebrates from the northeastern state of Goiás, central Brazil: a vulnerable and singular area https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/30418/ Subterranean Biology 29: 1-33

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.29.30418

Authors: Maria Elina Bichuette, Luiza Bertelli Simões, Tamires Zepon, Diego Monteiro von Schimonsky, Jonas Eduardo Gallão

Abstract: The karst area of the northeastern state of Goiás comprises two main municipalities: São Domingos and Posse. São Domingos is inside the limits of a Full Protection Conservation Unit known as Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca (PETeR), where a high number of caves occurs, some of them surpassing 10 km in length. Despite their protection by law, uncontrolled tourism has been threatening the integrity of the unique and fragile cave systems of São Domingos. On the other hand, the caves of Posse are much less visited, with its subterranean fauna poorly unknown and are strongly threatened by the urban areas and mining activities in the vicinity. We conducted six systematic surveys of invertebrates in 12 caves, seven of which are located in São Domingos and five in Posse, between 2010 and 2012. Immediately outside the caves, we sampled several microhabitats for comparison. We estimated richness, abundance, and taxonomic distinctness of the communities. We recorded 1,941 individuals of 344 morphospecies. Caves from São Domingos showed a higher species richness and were more taxonomic distinct than caves from Posse. Most morphospecies were considered troglophiles (188). We also found one trogloxene and one troglobite, as well as nine troglomorphic taxa that possibly are troglobitic as well. Both regions have markedly singular caves regarding its subterranean fauna, with high values of taxonomic distinctness. However, the richer caves were not necessarily the most taxonomic distinct. Conservation measures are especially necessary in the region of Posse, where caves are not legally protected and are within an area of significant urbanization. Cave entrances of Posse are near deforested vicinities, in some cases with domestic wastes and cement plants nearby.

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Research Article Thu, 3 Jan 2019 10:08:58 +0200
An important site for conservation of bats in Brazil: Passa Três cave, São Domingos karst area, with an updated checklist for Distrito Federal (DF) and Goiás state https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/31801/ Subterranean Biology 28: 39-51

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.28.31801

Authors: Maria Elina Bichuette, Eliana do Amaral Gimenez, Ives Simões Arnone, Eleonora Trajano

Abstract: A checklist of bats from Distrito Federal (DF) and Goiás state (GO) and, particularly a single cave (Passa Três cave), located in São Domingos karst area (GO), central Brazil, is presented. Data is based on literature and surveys carried out during 2,000 years. In total, 66 species were recorded, with 30 using caves as shelters. Passa Três cave harbors nine Phyllostomidae species; the most abundant species were Platyrrhinus lineatus, Lonchorhina aurita, Desmodus rotundus and Carollia perspicillata; and the less abundants Trachops cirrhosus, Anoura caudifer and Glossophaga soricina. Besides, the cave is shelter of two threatened bats - Lonchophylla dekeyseri (Endangered category) and Lonchorhina aurita (Vulnerable category), included at Brazilian List of Threatened Fauna, and of a rare species, Lionycteris spurrelli. Passa Três cave shows enough attributes to be considered as a SICOM (Sites of Importance for Conservation of Bats), which would ensure its protection.

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Research Article Wed, 12 Dec 2018 09:03:40 +0200
A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/30506/ Subterranean Biology 28: 29-38

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.28.30506

Authors: Nicholas S. Gladstone, Evin T. Carter, K. Denise Kendall Niemiller, Lindsey E. Hayter, Matthew L. Niemiller

Abstract: Lungless salamanders in the family Plethodontidae exhibit an impressive array of life history strategies and occur in a diversity of habitats, including caves. However, relationships between life history, habitat, and body size remain largely unresolved. During an ongoing study on the demography and life history of the paedomorphic, cave-obligate Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus, Brandon 1965), we discovered an exceptionally large individual from the type locality, Berry Cave, Roane County, Tennessee, USA. This salamander measured 145 mm in body length and represents not only the largest G. gulolineatus and Gyrinophilus ever reported, but also the largest plethodontid salamander in the United States. We discuss large body size in G. gulolineatus and compare body size in other large plethodontid salamanders in relation to life history and habitat.

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Short Communication Fri, 16 Nov 2018 09:58:15 +0200
24th International Conference on Subterranean Biology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/30244/ Subterranean Biology 27: 75-77

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.27.30244

Authors: Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira, Fernando J.M. Gonçalves

Abstract: The 24thedition of the biennial Conference on Subterranean Biology was held on the campus of the University of Aveiro in Portugal from 20th to 24thAugust, following the previous edition held in USA (Culver, 2016). These conferences are organized under the auspices of the International Society for Subterranean Biology, founded in 1979. It was the first meeting held in Portugal and in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Forum Paper Wed, 31 Oct 2018 09:12:02 +0200
Day–night and seasonal variations of a subterranean invertebrate community in the twilight zone https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/28909/ Subterranean Biology 27: 31-51

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.27.28909

Authors: Stefano Mammola, Marco Isaia

Abstract: Being characterized by the absence of light and a reduced environmental cyclicity, the subterranean domain is generally regarded as temporally stable. Yet, in the proximity of cave entrances (twilight zones), patterns of sunlight and darkness can be detected within the 24-hour day–night cycle. In parallel, changes in the abiotic and biotic conditions are expected; however, these patterns have been rarely explored in animal communities dwelling in the twilight zone. We performed a biological investigation in a small abandoned mine in the Western Alps, monitoring it once per season, both during the day and at night. At each survey, we collected data on the spatial distribution of the resident species, their activity patterns, and the main microclimatic parameters. We observed significant daily variations in the environmental conditions during winter and spring, namely higher temperature, relative humidity and availability of trophic resources at night. In conjunction with these disparate nocturnal conditions, the abundance of troglophile species was also higher, as well as the activity patterns of one of the most frequent species inhabiting the entrance area – the orb-weaver spider Meta menardi. We further documented temporal changes in the composition of the parietal community, due to species using the mine as a diurnal, nocturnal or overwintering shelter. Overall, our results suggest that the communities of the twilight zone are not temporally stable and we highlight the importance of taking into account not only their seasonal, but also their daily variations.

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Research Article Wed, 19 Sep 2018 14:12:56 +0300
Neocarus spelaion sp. n. (Parasitiformes, Opilioacaridae), a new species of cave dwelling Neocarus from Minas Gerais state, Brazil https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/25777/ Subterranean Biology 27: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.27.25777

Authors: Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira Bernardi, Elmir Lúcio Borges-Filho

Abstract: A new cave dwelling species of the genus Neocarus (Parasitiformes: Opilioacarida: Opilioacaridae) is described from adult females and males collected in Minas Gerais state, southeast Brazil. Five or six d-type setae on palps, females with pregenital area hairless, genital setae smooth, cylindrical ovipositor with two terminal lobes, and males with genital and pregenital setae variable in shape, some being smooth and pointed, others ribbed and pointed, are the combinations of characters that define the new species.

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Research Article Wed, 15 Aug 2018 10:37:55 +0300
Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/27098/ Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Jenna Robinson, Daphne Soares, Geoffrey Hoese, Theofilos Toulkeridis, Rickard Toomey III

Abstract: Cave organisms are often characterized by reduced pigmentation, eyesight, and enhanced mechanosensory functions. The stygobitic catfish Astroblepus pholeter is found within some subterranean drainages in Ecuador. The species was first described in 1962 with specimens that were all highly depigmented and troglomorphic. The next observations in the field occurred until 2011, 2015 and 2018. At such dates, specimens examined progressively displayed more surface-like appearance. Appendages in these individuals were progressively shorter and pigmentation levels are now as high as some surface Astroblepus. Based on sampled specimens, it would appear that since 1962, the population has been progressively composed of less troglomorphic individuals. One possibility is that the population has undergone introgressive hybridization in recent years as surface Astroblepus are known to enter the caves and cohabitate with the troglomorphic Astroblepus. Lastly, we report that Individuals are able to detect and respond to light. Histological analyses show that A. pholeter’s eyes have all of the major ocular structures (lens, optic nerve, and all retinal layers).

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Research Article Wed, 15 Aug 2018 10:37:19 +0300
First report of the invasive alien species Caenoplana coerulea Moseley, 1877 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) in the subterranean environment of the Canary Islands https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/25921/ Subterranean Biology 26: 67-74

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.26.25921

Authors: Daniel Suárez, Sonia Martín, Manuel Naranjo

Abstract: The blue land planarian Caenoplana coerulea Moseley, 1877 is reported for the first time in the hypogean environment. Seven individuals of C. coerulea were collected in the most humid branch of an abandoned water mine in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Due to its character of generalist predator, it should be considered a threat for the endemic subterranean fauna.

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Research Article Mon, 6 Aug 2018 10:38:12 +0300
First record of the family Stenasellidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) in Iran with the description of a new cave-dwelling species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/25950/ Subterranean Biology 26: 27-38

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.26.25950

Authors: Yaser Bakhshi, Saber Sadeghi, Giuseppe Messana

Abstract: A new cave isopod species of the genus Stenasellus Dollfus, 1897 (Stenasellidae) from Iran is reported and described. The new species, Stenasellus tashanensis sp. n. was found in Tashan Cave (Khuzestan province, southwest Iran). A complete description and drawings of the new species are provided. This new species is morphologically close to S. vermeuleni Magniez & Stock, 2000 from Oman.

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Research Article Wed, 20 Jun 2018 13:41:19 +0300
Cave-dwelling pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae): a review https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/26430/ Subterranean Biology 26: 1-18

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.26.26430

Authors: Bernhard A. Huber

Abstract: Pholcidae are ubiquitous spiders in tropical and subtropical caves around the globe, yet very little is known about cave-dwelling pholcids beyond what is provided in taxonomic descriptions and faunistic papers. This paper provides a review based on a literature survey and unpublished information, while pointing out potential biases and promising future projects. A total of 473 native (i.e. non-introduced) species of Pholcidae have been collected in about 1000 caves. The large majority of cave-dwelling pholcids are not troglomorphic; a list of 86 troglomorphic species is provided, including 21 eyeless species and 21 species with strongly reduced eyes. Most troglomorphic pholcids are representatives of only two genera: Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938 and Metagonia Simon, 1893. Mexico is by far the richest country in terms of troglomorphic pholcids, followed by several islands and mainland SE Asia. The apparent dominance of Mexico may partly be due to collectors’ and taxonomists’ biases. Most caves harbor only one pholcid species, but 91 caves harbor two and more species (up to five species). Most troglomorphic pholcids belong to two subfamilies (Modisiminae, Pholcinae), very few belong to Smeringopinae and Arteminae, none to Ninetinae. This is in agreement with the recent finding that within Pholcidae, microhabitat changes in general are concentrated in Modisiminae and Pholcinae.

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Review Article Wed, 6 Jun 2018 13:55:50 +0300
Diversity of Potamolithus (Littorinimorpha, Truncatelloidea) in a high-diversity spot for troglobites in southeastern Brazil: role of habitat fragmentation in the origin of subterranean fauna, and conservation status https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/23778/ Subterranean Biology 25: 61-88

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.25.23778

Authors: Maria Elina Bichuette, Eleonora Trajano

Abstract: The Alto Ribeira karst area, southeastern Brazil, is a high-diversity area for troglobites. Three species of freshwater gastropods Potamolithus occur in the area: P. ribeirensis, only found in epigean waters at the Iporanga and Ribeira rivers; P. troglobius, which is endemic to the Areias cave system; and P. karsticus, a troglophilic species from Calcário Branco Cave and an epigean stream nearby. We investigated their distribution based on shell morphology and internal anatomy of epigean species, troglophilic populations, and troglobitic species. Distribution patterns of Potamolithus were compared to those of other aquatic taxa from the region (such as crustaceans and fishes). Besides the three species already described for the region, we recorded 12 additional ones, for a total of 15 species/morphs (six troglobites, seven troglophiles, and two epigean). Potamolithus spp. are restricted to micro-basins and/or caves, showing small areas of distribution and probably a high degree of endemism. Geomorphology (irregular landscape, with limestone outcrops intercalated with insoluble rocks, which probably act as geographic barriers for cave populations), paleoclimatic evidence, and ecological/biological factors, such as the low degree of mobility of these gastropods (sedentary habit), explain the distributional patterns. We observed troglomorphisms such as reduction/absence of eyes and pigmentation (body and periostracum), and a coiled intestine. Apparently, there is no cause-and-effect between miniaturization and intestine coiling for Potamolithus, in contrast to observations for other cave snails. Potamolithus snails are threatened in the region due to water pollution, uncontrolled tourism, and overcollection.

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Research Article Wed, 23 May 2018 09:22:15 +0300
Is the Italian stream frog (Rana italica Dubois, 1987) an opportunistic exploiter of cave twilight zone? https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/23803/ Subterranean Biology 25: 49-60

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.25.23803

Authors: Enrico Lunghi, Giacomo Bruni, Francesco Gentile Ficetola, Raoul Manenti

Abstract: Studies on frogs exploiting subterranean environments are extremely scarce, as these Amphibians are usually considered accidental in these environments. However, according to recent studies, some anurans actively select subterranean environments on the basis of specific environmental features, and thus are able to inhabit these environments throughout the year. We present the first study on the abundance and spatial use of the Italian stream frog, Rana italica, in subterranean environments. We monthly collected data from 66 cave sectors during a whole year (2013), recording > 120 detections of R. italica. Frogs were more frequently found close to the cave entrance, without significant differences between age classes or sexes. Adults generally were observed being higher up along cave walls compared to juveniles. Frogs abundance was higher in areas showing specific environmental features, such as warm temperature, low incident light and the presence of potential prey. Rana italica likely occupies subterranean areas characterized by a combination of microclimatic suitability and prey availability.

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Short Communication Tue, 20 Mar 2018 10:40:01 +0200
First record of subterranean rissoidean gastropod assemblages in Southeast Asia (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pomatiopsidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/23463/ Subterranean Biology 25: 9-34

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.25.23463

Authors: Jozef Grego

Abstract: In February 2017 we investigated several caves and karstic springs in Laos for the presence of underground freshwater gastropod species. We report previously unrecorded freshwater gastropod assemblages in the largest cave in Laos, Tham Khon Dôn, and in the third largest cave, Pha Soung, in Khammouane Province, with single finds in Na Li Cave (Khammouane Province), an unnamed cave near Vieng Thong (Bolikhamsay Province) and a small karst spring near Phonsavan (Xianghouan Province). All 15 species recorded and described herein are new to science. Four species are assigned to the new genus Pseudoiglica: P. pseudoiglica sp. n., P. olsavskyi sp. n., P. kameniari sp. n., and P. phonsavanica sp. n. Three species are assigned to the new genus Thamkhondonia: T. moureti sp. n., T. vacquiei sp. n., and T. smidai sp. n. Eight species are assigned to the genus Tricula Benson, 1843: T. valenasi sp. n., T. davisi sp. n., T. spelaea sp. n., T. lenahani sp. n., T. reischuetzorum sp. n., T. phasoungensis sp. n., T. bannaensis sp. n., and T. viengthongensis sp. n.

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Research Article Wed, 7 Mar 2018 09:02:43 +0200
The deep subterranean environment as a potential model system in ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary research https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/23530/ Subterranean Biology 25: 1-7

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.25.23530

Authors: David Sánchez-Fernández, Valeria Rizzo, Charles Bourdeau, Alexandra Cieslak, Jordi Comas, Arnaud Faille, Javier Fresneda, Enric Lleopart, Andrés Millán, Aitor Montes, Susana Pallares, Ignacio Ribera

Abstract: One of the main challenges in ecology, biogeography and evolution is to understand and predict how species may respond to environmental changes. Here we focus on the deep subterranean environment, a system that minimizes most of the typical uncertainties of studies on epigean (surface) environments. Caves are relatively homogeneous habitats with nearly constant environmental conditions and simplified biological communities, allowing to control for biotic interactions. Thus, this particular system could be considered a natural habitat whose environmental conditions are similar to what can be reproduced in a laboratory, being an ideal model system for ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary studies. Subterranean species may potentially be used to assess the capability to persist in situ in a global change scenario, as they cannot accommodate to drastic changing conditions by behavioural plasticity, microhabitat use or by migrating to distant, more suitable areas, something frequent in epigean environments. In order to provide accurate predictions of the response of the subterranean biodiversity to climate change, we encourage evolutionary biologist, biogeographers and conservation biologist to work in this interesting ecosystem.

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Short Communication Thu, 18 Jan 2018 11:48:02 +0200
An ecological survey of the invertebrate community at the epigean/hypogean interface https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/21585/ Subterranean Biology 24: 27-52

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.24.21585

Authors: Stefano Mammola, Elena Piano, Pier Mauro Giachino, Marco Isaia

Abstract: We studied the ecological continuum between caves and the associated network of fissures – Milieu Souterrain Superficiel (MSS) – in an hypogean site in the Graian Alps, Italy. Over one year, we surveyed the faunal assemblages by means of pitfall traps placed in the caves and specific subterranean sampling devices (SSD) buried in the MSS. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) to compare the spatial and temporal dynamics of the subterranean invertebrates inhabiting the two environments. As expected, arthropod communities occurring near the surface were characterized by minor level of subterranean adaptations, and conversely, subterranean species were more abundant and diversified at higher depths, both in the caves and in the MSS. Diversity and abundance of external elements in the superficial layers were found to be highly seasonal dependent, with minor values in winter compared to the other seasons. We provided information about the faunal assemblages dwelling in the two hypogean compartments, and we characterized the microclimatic conditions therein. We discussed the existence of an ecological gradient of specialization extending from the surface to the deep hypogean layers, which can be interpreted in light of the microclimatic changes occurring at increasing depths and the parallel decrease in available organic matter.

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Research Article Mon, 11 Dec 2017 11:54:49 +0200
Evolution of coprophagy and nutrient absorption in a Cave Salamander https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/15013/ Subterranean Biology 24: 1-9

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.24.15013

Authors: Daphne Soares, Rachel Adams, Shea Hammond, Michael E. Slay, Danté B. Fenolio, Matthew L. Niemiller

Abstract: The transition from carnivory to omnivory is poorly understood. The ability to feed at more than one trophic level theoretically increases an animal’s fitness in a novel environment. Because of the absence of light and photosynthesis, most subterranean ecosystems are characterized by very few trophic levels, such that food scarcity is a challenge in many subterranean habitats. One strategy against starvation is to expand diet breadth. Grotto Salamanders (Eurycea spelaea (Stejneger, 1892)) are known to ingest bat guano deliberately, challenging the general understanding that salamanders are strictly carnivorous. Here we tested the hypothesis that grotto salamanders have broadened their diet related to cave adaptation and found that, although coprophagous behavior is present, salamanders are unable to acquire sufficient nutrition from bat guano alone. Our results suggest that the coprophagic behavior has emerged prior to physiological or gut biome adaptations.

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Research Article Fri, 3 Nov 2017 09:31:47 +0200
Six new subterranean freshwater gastropod species from northern Albania and some new records from Albania and Kosovo (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Moitessieriidae and Hydrobiidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/14930/ Subterranean Biology 23: 85-107

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.23.14930

Authors: Jozef Grego, Peter Glöer, Zoltán Péter Erőss, Zoltán Fehér

Abstract: During a field trip to the western part of the Balkan Peninsula in 2016, investigations of several caves and karstic springs revealed six new gastropod species living in subterranean waters and resulted in some noteworthy faunistic records. Five of the new species are assigned to the genus Paladilhiopsis Pavlović, 1913, namely P. prekalensis sp. n., P. lozeki sp. n., P. szekeresi sp. n., P. wohlberedti sp. n., P. falniowskii sp. n. and one to the genus Plagigeyeria Tomlin, 1930, namely P. steffeki sp. n. New Albania and Kosovo distribution records are given for Iglica illyrica Schütt, 1975, Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona Schütt, 1960, Vinodolia matjasici (Bole, 1961), and the first georeferenced record is given for Saxurinator schlickumi Schütt, 1960. The most important environmental factors influencing habitat selection of these subterranean freshwater gastropods are briefly discussed.

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Research Article Thu, 26 Oct 2017 08:28:58 +0300
Biospeleological activities in Central Europe – a status report https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/13297/ Subterranean Biology 22: 59-65

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.22.13297

Authors: Dieter Weber

Abstract: Catalogues of cave fauna from Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Germany (Swabian Alb, Franconian Alb, Westfalia, Hesse, Harz, Rhenish Palatinate and Saarland), and Luxembourg are available. Several activities deal with public relations, education, and training: the cave animal of the year, a camp for young cavers, the day nature, and the biospeleological workgroup. The German Barcoding of Life is a project which aims to obtain CO1 barcodes from every species in Germany with a sub-project on cave fauna. Special projects deal with Bythiospeum, niphargids, diplurans, sphaerocerids, and the biodiversity and ecology of cave invertebrates in the Central European Uplands. Zusammenfassung Es gibt Höhlenfaunenkataloge von Belgien, der Schweiz, Österreich, Deutschland (Schwäbische Alb, Fränkische Alb, Westfalen, Hessen, Harz und Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland) und Luxemburg. Verschiedene Aktivitäten befassen sich mit Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Schulungen; Das Höhlentier des Jahres, ein Trainingslager für junge Höhlenforscher, der Tag der Natur und eine biospeläologische Arbeitsgruppe. Das Projekt „German Barcoding of Life“ versucht CO1-Barcodes aller deutschen Arten zu erstellen. Es hat ein Unterprojekt zur Höhlenfauna. Tiergruppenspezifische Projekte behandeln Bythiospeum, Niphargen, Dipluren, Sphaeroceriden und Biodiversität und Ökologie von Höhlenevertebraten der zentraleuropäischen Mittelgebirge.

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Forum Paper Tue, 18 Jul 2017 09:34:16 +0300
The description of a new species of Niphargus from Iran based on morphological and molecular data https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/11286/ Subterranean Biology 22: 43-58

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.22.11286

Authors: Somayeh Esmaeili-Rineh, Seyyed Ahmad Mirghaffari, Mozafar Sharifi

Abstract: The freshwater amphipods of the genus Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 are widespread in subterranean waters of the western Palearctic. The eastern half of the genus range has been incompletely studied despite the presence of karstic areas and large aquifers. In this paper, we describe a new species from Hamedan Province in Iran and name it as N. hakani sp. n. This species‌ hypothesis is based on the analysis of morphological characters and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. The taxonomic status of the new species within the genus is discussed in comparison to the known Iranian species. Results revealed that this species is phylogenetically close to N. khwarizmi and is morphologically similar to N. borisi.

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Research Article Fri, 7 Apr 2017 09:57:25 +0300
Typhlocirolana longimera sp. n. (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from north-western Algerian ground waters with notes on Algerian Typhlocirolana https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/11824/ Subterranean Biology 22: 27-41

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.22.11824

Authors: Abdelhakim Mahi, Amina Taleb, Nouria Belaidi, Giuseppe Messana

Abstract: A new species of hypogean cirolanid isopod, Typhlocirolana longimera sp. n. is reported and described from a region located in north-western Algeria. Typhlocirolana longimera sp. n. can be distinguished from all other species of the genus especially by the peculiar shape of the merus of pereiopod I longer than in any other Typhlocirolana species, and for the presence of 6 molariform robust conical robust setae, the bottle shape of uropods and the aesthetasc formula of flagellum in antennulae. The presence in the same region of the two already known species T. fontis and T. gurneyi is also discussed.

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Research Article Fri, 17 Mar 2017 13:52:21 +0200
Towards a biologically meaningful classification of subterranean organisms: a critical analysis of the Schiner-Racovitza system from a historical perspective, difficulties of its application and implications for conservation https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/9759/ Subterranean Biology 22: 1-26

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.22.9759

Authors: Eleonora Trajano, Marcelo R. de Carvalho

Abstract: Subterranean organisms always attracted the attention of humans using caves with various purposes, due to the strange appearance of several among them and life in an environment considered extreme. According to a classification based on the evolutionary and ecological relationships of these organisms with subterranean habitats, first proposed by Schiner in 1854 and emended by Racovitza in 1907, three categories have been recognized: troglobites, troglophles and trogloxenes. The Schiner-Racovitza system has been discussed, criticized, emended, the categories have been redefined, subdivided, original meanings have changed, but it is used until now. Herein we analyze in a conceptual framework the main ecological classifications of subterranean organisms, from Schiner to Trajano, in 2012, so far the last author to introduce a relevant conceptual change on the categories definitions, incorporating the source-sink population model. Conceptual inconsistencies are pointed, especially with regards to the generally ill-defined trogloxene category, and the correspondence between categories according to the original sense and in alternative classifications is discussed. Practical criteria for distinction between these categories and difficulties for their application are presented. The importance of rightly classifying subterranean populations according to the Schiner-Racovitza system for conservation of these fragile and mostly threatened habitats is discussed.

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Review Article Tue, 28 Feb 2017 10:34:14 +0200
A new genus for Cirolana troglexuma Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1997, an anchialine cave dwelling cirolanid isopod (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from the Bahamas https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/11181/ Subterranean Biology 21: 57-92

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.21.11181

Authors: Niel L. Bruce, Saskia Brix, Nicholas Balfour, Terue C. Kihara, Alexander M. Weigand, Sevag Mehterian, Thomas M. Iliffe

Abstract: Cirolana troglexuma Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1997 is redescribed and a Lucayalana Bruce & Brix, gen. n. established for the species. In total 38 specimens were collected from Hatchet Bay Cave, Eleuthera. Specimens on which previous records of L. troglexuma (from Exuma Cays, Cat Island, and Eleuthera) were based have been re-examined when possible. The diagnostic identifying characters and purported apomorphies for Lucayalana gen. n. are: frontal lamina short, narrow, less than 7% width of labrum, not extending to anterior margin of head; pleonite 3 extending posteriorly to posterior of pleonite 5, laterally overlapping pleonites 4 and 5; ventrally broad, forming a strong ventrally directed blade; pereopods 1–3 merus inferior margin RS not molariform. Mitochondrial COI and 16S loci and the nuclear 18S locus data show that all specimens are the one species. Comparison to additional cirolanid COI sequence data (BOLD, GenBank) show that Lucayalana troglexuma is genetically distinct to all other cirolanid genera with available COI sequences. The single male and females have shared COI (with three females), 16S (eight females) and 18S sequences (two females).

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Research Article Wed, 8 Feb 2017 11:46:36 +0200
A checklist of subterranean arthropods of Iran https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/10573/ Subterranean Biology 21: 19-46

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.21.10573

Authors: Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini, Alireza Zamani

Abstract: Understanding subterranean biodiversity is important, yet vast regions of the world remain poorly explored. Here, we provide the first step towards cataloguing the subterranean arthropods of Iran. After review and analysis of the available literature and the examination of samples collected by us from Iranian caves, we listed 89 cavernicolous species (from 42 caves and 5 karstic springs) belonging to four arthropod subphyla: Chelicerata (1 class, 4 orders, 36 species), Crustacea (2 classes, 3 orders, 15 species), Hexapoda (2 classes, 5 orders, 34 species) and Myriapoda (2 classes, 3 orders, 4 species).

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Checklist Mon, 16 Jan 2017 14:21:18 +0200
First definitive record of a stygobiotic fish (Percopsiformes, Amblyopsidae, Typhlichthys) from the Appalachians karst region in the eastern United States https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/9693/ Subterranean Biology 20: 39-50

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.20.9693

Authors: Matthew L. Niemiller, Kirk S. Zigler, Pamela B. Hart, Bernard R. Kuhajda, Jonathan W. Armbruster, Breanne N. Ayala, Annette S. Engel

Abstract: In the central and eastern United States, cavefishes have been known historically only from the Interior Low Plateau and Ozarks karst regions. Previously, cavefishes were unknown from the Appalachians karst region, which extends from southeastern New York southwestward into eastern Tennessee, northwestern Georgia, and northeastern Alabama. Here we report the discovery of a new population of the amblyopsid cavefish Typhlichthys subterraneus Girard, 1859 from a cave in Catoosa County, Georgia, that significantly extends the known distribution of the species. The cave is located in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge physiographic province and Appalachians karst region, and represents the first definitive report of a stygobiotic fish from the Appalachians karst region. Genetic analyses of one mitochondrial and one nuclear locus from the cavefish indicate this population is closely allied with populations that occur along the western margins of Lookout and Fox mountains in Dade County, Georgia, and populations to the northwest in southern Marion County, Tennessee. It is likely that these populations are also related to those from Wills Valley, DeKalb County, Alabama. The distribution of this new population of T. subterraneus and its close allies pre-dates the emergence of a Tennessee-Coosa River drainage divide in the Pliocene. The potential exists to discover additional populations in caves within the Appalachians karst region in Catoosa County and northward into Hamilton County, Tennessee.

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Research Article Tue, 8 Nov 2016 09:54:09 +0200
The first two hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in South America https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/8207/ Subterranean Biology 19: 1-21

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.19.8207

Authors: Marconi Souza Silva, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: The term hotspots of subterranean biodiversity has been used to define subterranean habitats with an arbitrary cutoff of twenty or more obligate stygobitic and troglobitic species. Until present, no hotspots of subterranean biodiversity had been identified in South America. Thus, the objective of this work is to present the first two hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in that continent. The two hotspots of subterranean biodiversity are the Toca do Gonçalo cave (22 spp.) and Areias cave systems (28 spp.). The cave species, some of them considered relict species, belong to the Platyhelminthes (1 sp.), Nemertea (1 sp.), Gastropoda (2 spp.), Amphipoda (2) Isopoda (7), Decapoda (1), Collembola (5), Coleoptera (5), Ensifera (1), Sternorrhyncha (1), Zygentoma (1), Diplopoda (6) Chilopoda (5) Araneae (2), Opiliones (1) Palpigradi (2), Pseudoscorpiones (4), and Osteicthyes (2). Although both caves, together, have 50 troglobitic species, only 38% of these species are formally described. Both caves have perennial water bodies, but terrestrial obligate cave invertebrates are dominant in number of species in both systems (around 77%). While the Areias system is partially contained in a conservation unit, Toca do Gonçalo cave is currently unprotected, although it certainly deserves protection.

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Review Article Tue, 19 Jul 2016 12:00:41 +0300
New distribution records of cave-dwelling gekkonid lizards (Sauria, Gekkonidae and Phyllodactylidae) in the Zagros Mountains of Iran https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/8185/ Subterranean Biology 18: 39-47

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.18.8185

Authors: Somayeh Esmaeili-Rineh, Vahid Akmali, Farajollah Fathipour, Nastaran Heidari, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani

Abstract: The distribution of cave-dwelling lizards of the families Gekkonidae and Phyllodactylidae (Sauria) was investigated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Obtained information includes new distribution records of species from 15 caves. The caves are Bendireh, Taigeh, Ban, Zarrinabad, Ghadah, Kulkani, and Darhamreh in Ilam Province, Pelazh, Gavbar and Asmari in Khuzestan Province, Tadovan, Manian and Sangeshkan in Fars Province and Dalaki and Khesht in Bushehr Province. In this study, five species belonging to the Gekkonidae and Phyllodactylidae families were recorded including: Asaccus elisae, Asaccus nasrullahi, Hemidactylus persicus, Cyrtopodion scabrum, and Cyrtopodion gastrophole.

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Research Article Fri, 10 Jun 2016 16:39:20 +0300
Water quality and biotic interaction of two cavefish species: Typhleotris madagascariensis Petit, 1933 and Typhleotris mararybe Sparks & Chakrabarty, 2012, in the Mahafaly Plateau groundwater system, Madagascar https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/8321/ Subterranean Biology 18: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.18.8321

Authors: Jean Robertin Rasoloariniaina, Joerg U. Ganzhorn, Jana C. Riemann, Noromalala Raminosoa

Abstract: The karstic subterranean aquatic system of the Mahafaly Plateau in south-western Madagascar is inhabited by two species of cavefish: Typhleotris madagascariensis and Typhleotris mararybe. Knowledge about both cavefish species is scant. In order to learn more about the distribution of the two species, 15 caves and sinkholes spread over the Mahafaly Plateau were inventoried for their presence. Abiotic water quality and interspecific relations of the two species were investigated in six of these caves and five of the sinkholes during the dry and the rainy seasons. Typhleotris madagascariensis was present in all sampled water bodies while T. mararybe was restricted to five sites in the region around the town of Itampolo. The inventories extend the known range of both species of Typhleotris on the Mahafaly Plateau. Abiotic water characteristics did not differ between seasons. The abundances of both species were negatively correlated with iron concentrations. Further correlations between the abundance of either fish species and abiotic water characteristics remained inconclusive as these water characteristics co-varied with geographical latitude that in turn was correlated with fish abundance. For both species neither the abundance nor a condition factor based on body mass showed any significant seasonal variation. Also the presence of T. mararybe had no influence on the abundance and the condition of T. madagascariensis. Thus, no evidence for competition was noticed between the two species.

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Review Article Fri, 20 May 2016 10:33:44 +0300
First report of cave springtail (Collembola, Paronellidae) parasitized by mite (Parasitengona, Microtrombidiidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/8451/ Subterranean Biology 17: 133-139

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.17.8451

Authors: Marcus Paulo Alves Oliveira, Leopoldo Bernardi, Douglas Zeppelini, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Although mites and springtails are important components of cave fauna, until now there was no report about host-parasite associations between these groups in subterranean ecosystem. Here we present the first record of mite parasitism in Trogolaphysa species (Paronellidae), and the first known case of parasitism in the Brazilian cave springtail. The Microtrombidiidae mite was attached on the head of the Collembola by the stylostome. Collembola is not a usual host for Microtrombidiidae mites but it may be related to the lack of reports by researchers or few samplings specific to parasitism studies in these invertebrates. Another possibility relates to the cave environment itself. The oligotrophic condition of these ecosystems could limit the occurrence of the main hosts for these mites and the parasitism in unusual groups, such as Collembola, may have been favored.

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Short Communication Fri, 15 Apr 2016 10:35:30 +0300
The first survey on harvestmen in Brazilian artificial cavities, with notes on distribution and natural history https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/6762/ Subterranean Biology 17: 31-53

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.17.6762

Authors: Ludson Neves de Ázara, Leopoldo Bernardi, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Several species of harvestmen occur in natural subterranean cavities using these habitats as shelters and sites of oviposition. Many species have evolved in these environments, thus becoming cave-dwellers. In a few cases harvestmen have been reported in artificial cavities (mines), but without details about their distribution or natural history. Based on faunal inventories carried out in 111 artificial cavities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, this work aimed to register species of harvestmen that are associated with these artificial cavities. Seventeen species were found in 12 municipalities, in addition to new occurrences for 14 of these species and some new behavioral notes. Two undescribed species were also recorded. This study highlights that artificial cavities may be used as shelters by harvestmen, mainly in human-modified landscapes.

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Research Article Wed, 17 Feb 2016 10:15:42 +0200
Groping through the black box of variability: An integrative taxonomic and nomenclatural re-evaluation of Zospeum isselianum Pollonera, 1887 and allied species using new imaging technology (Nano-CT, SEM), conchological, histological and molecular data (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/5758/ Subterranean Biology 16: 123-165

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.16.5758

Authors: Adrienne Jochum, Rajko Slapnik, Annette Klussmann-Kolb, Barna Páll-Gergely, Marian Kampschulte, Gunhild Martels, Marko Vrabec, Claudia Nesselhauf, Alexander M. Weigand

Abstract: The minute troglobitic species, Zospeum isselianum Pollonera, 1887 (Eupulmonata: Ellobioidea, Carychiidae) is widely distributed within its Southern Alpine-Dinaric range. Its broad distribution and highly variable shell has caused this species to be historically lumped into its current taxonomic state of ambiguity. In an integrative taxonomic approach, phenotypic and genotypic data are synthesized to assess the intraspecific variability recently inferred for this taxon. We collected 16 Zospeum specimens in the Slovenian Alpine Arc encompassing the type locality for Z. isselianum. The material comprises five morphologically recognized (sub)species. The species are re-evaluated using SEM, X-ray nanotomography (nano-CT), conchological, histological and molecular data. Four well-defined lineages are present, which can be attributed to i) Z. isselianum s.str. from its new type locality (Turjeva jama), ii) a highly morphologically variable lineage that so far cannot be attributed to a single morphospecies, iii) Z. kupitzense A. Stummer, 1984 (raised to species rank) and iv) a lineage comprising the two subspecies Z. alpestre alpestre (Freyer, 1855) and Z. alpestre bolei Slapnik, 1991 plus Z. isselianum individuals. The latter is treated as a single taxon Z. alpestre. After considering the severely degraded syntype material of Zospeum isselianum, we provide a taxonomic re-description and propose a neotype for this species. Furthermore, new diagnostic information is revealed regarding the columella of Zospeum isselianum and allied species. Detailed anatomical study reveals new structural aspects of Zospeum morphology and provides groundwork for future investigations.

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Research Article Mon, 7 Dec 2015 01:55:27 +0200
Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/5607/ Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609

Authors: Jaroslav Smrž, Ľubomír Kováč, Jaromír Mikeš, Vladimír Šustr, Alena Lukešová, Karel Tajovsky, Alena Nováková, Petra Režňáková

Abstract: As caves represent an extreme biotope with limited food sources, one might expect cave animal communities to exhibit low feeding specialization and to consume generally whatever organic matter is available. To test this hypothesis, we studied the feeding habits of several arthropod species in Slovakian and Romanian caves. A microanatomical approach utilizing histological methods was selected for this study. While saprophagous animals dominated, our study revealed variability within this nutritional group. Preferences ranged from fungal propagules (for the millipede Trachysphaera costata) to bacteria on bat guano (for the oribatid mite Pantelozetes cavaticus) and to cyanobacteria (for the microwhip scorpion Eukoenenia spelaea). The terrestrial isopod Mesoniscus graniger consumed a mixture of organic and inorganic substrates with plant material in various caves. These findings confirm an adaptability and phenoplasticity and, hence, a variability of characteristics developing under the pressure of extreme environmental factors.

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Research Article Wed, 8 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0300
A troglobitic amphipod in the Ice Caves of the Shawangunk Ridge: Behavior and resistance to freezing https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/4733/ Subterranean Biology 15: 95-104

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.15.4733

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Alex McCahill, Amber Kavanagh, Jordi Espinasa, Alyssa Scott, Amy Cahill

Abstract: Stygobromus allegheniensis Holsinger, 1967 (Allegheny Cave Amphipod) is a troglobiotic crustacean commonly found in caves of the Northeast United States. We describe several new populations from the unique tectonic Ice Caves found in the Shawangunk Ridge in New York, USA. Results also show that despite being an eyeless species, it can detect particular wavelengths of light and individuals display scotophilia, a preference for darkness. Finally, the Ice Caves pose a challenge to any aquatic troglobiont; in the winter months, the Ice Caves freeze and the floor and walls become covered in solid ice. Our results show that S. allegheniensis may seek warmer waters within the cave, but can also survive being frozen in solid ice.

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Research Article Wed, 10 Jun 2015 11:01:56 +0300
Shedding light on a cryptic cavernicole: A second species of Zenkevitchia Birstein (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Typhlogammaridae) discovered via molecular techniques https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/4872/ Subterranean Biology 15: 37-55

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.15.4872

Authors: Dmitry Sidorov, Andrey Gontcharov, Dmitry Palatov, Steven Taylor, Alexander Semenchenko

Abstract: The Abkhazian region, in the southern foothills of the Caucasus Mountain Range, comprises a unique natural environment containing numerous subterranean habitats with relict and endemic lineages of obligate stygofauna. We aimed to assess the molecular phylogenetic relationships of Typhlogammaridae species from Balkan and Transcaucasian caves using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) in hopes of discovering previously undetected biodiversity. Our results showed molecular divergence within the genus Zenkevitchia Birstein, with two distinct groups located in the karstic regions Gudauta-Sukhumi and Gulripshi, respectively. These data indicated the existence of a new species (sequence divergences between groups of >14.3%) within the hitherto monotypic genus Zenkevitchia and allowed us to estimate the taxonomic relationship between Zenkevitchia admirabilis and Z. yakovi sp. n., based on examined morphological features and molecular phylogenetic relationships. We were unable to detect reliable morphological differences between Z. yakovi sp. n. and Z. admirabilis, highlighting the cryptic nature of the new species and the value of inclusion of molecular data in taxonomic studies.

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Research Article Tue, 28 Apr 2015 09:31:17 +0300
A new species of Troglobius (Collembola, Paronellidae, Cyphoderinae) from a Brazilian iron cave https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1321/ Subterranean Biology 14: 1-13

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.14.7355

Authors: Douglas Zeppelini, Diego Silva, José Palacios Vargas

Abstract: The genus Troglobius (Collembola: Paronellidae: Cyphoderinae) is known only from the Southern Hemisphere, the two species found so far were described from caves in Madagascar and Brazil. In this paper we describe a new Brazilian species and complement the descriptions of the previously known species. The new species is a troglomorph and was collected in a single cave, in iron formations in the state of Minas Gerais. Brazil. The original diagnosis of the genus is supplemented with new characters based on observations of the new species.

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Research Article Fri, 20 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0300
Measurements of the diet in two species of Troglophilus Krauss, 1879 cave crickets from Italian subterranean habitats (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1316/ Subterranean Biology 13: 45-54

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.13.6719

Authors: Claudio Di Russo, Mauro Rampini, Leonardo Latella, Marina Cobolli

Abstract: The diet of two populations of cave crickets, Troglophilus cavicola from Veneto, northern Italy and Troglophilus andreinii from Apulia, southern Italy, were studied by analyzing faecal and gut contents. The results obtained document different food preferences in these two species. In the Troglophilus cavicola population arthropod remains were dominant in the diet, whereas in the T. andreinii population vegetables (green and fibres) were the more abundant food category. Furthermore, study of the overlap of food resource exploitation among age and sex sub-samples seems to indicate a separation of diet among the young instars and other age classes of the populations. Differences in diet between males and females were observed only in the population of T. andreinii.

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Research Article Tue, 18 Mar 2014 00:00:00 +0200
Shape variation of Aegla schmitti (Crustacea, Decapoda, Aeglidae) associated to superficial and subterranean stream reaches https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1303/ Subterranean Biology 10: 17-24

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.10.3915

Authors: Camile Fernandes, Maria Bichuette

Abstract: The species Aegla schmitti is relatively abundant in epigean streams in the Upper Ribeira Basin, southeastern Brazil and has a few records in caves. In this study, we questioned if those individuals would be an accidental presence or could be populations already established in cave streams? In this case, would morphological variations be associated with superficial and subterranean stream reaches? In this exploratory survey we tried to answer these questions by assessing the shape variation of cephalothorax using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Different shapes were found for both environments, evidencing a successful hypogean colonization. The area effect was discarded as being the unique factor responsible for the divergence, therefore, for the first time in the literature, here we report morphological modifications associated with subterranean colonization in troglophiles. We also conceived and discussed some hypotheses about the colonization.

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Research Article Mon, 11 Feb 2013 00:00:00 +0200
New taxa described in this volume https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1289/ Subterranean Biology 9: 139-140

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.9.2517

Authors: Editors

Abstract:

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Editorial Pages Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Trophic Dynamics in a Neotropical Limestone Cave https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1290/ Subterranean Biology 9: 127-138

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.9.2515

Authors: Marconi Silva, Rogério Parentoni Martins, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: The temporal budgets of the input, retainment and use by invertebrates of detritus and root tufts were evaluated in a short tropical limestone cave (337 m long). Detritus penetrate only through the stream in lower quantities in the dry season, contrary to what happens in the rainy season. However, water transport energies in the rainy season prevent detritus retainment. Roots tufts that emerge from the bottom of the stream provide shelter and food for several species. The abundance (log10) (R2 = 0.63; P < 0.02) and richness (log10) (R2 = 0.63; P < 0.01) related positively with the root tuft biomass (log10). In the terrestrial environment (ground), guano is the main secondary resource available for the invertebrates; the constant production of this resource has shown to influence the structure and distribution of invertebrates. Unfavorable temperature conditions and, especially low soil moisture, promote low plant detritus consumption rates. Historically, different authors assumed that organic resources imported by water are more available in caves in rainy seasons. It is clear that the importation of organic detritus in the rainy season is higher than in the dry season, but as shown in this work, the stochastic pulse flows continually disturb and remove the previously accumulated resource. So, the food that is truly used by the cave communities is that transported at the end of the rainy season (and during all the dry season) that becomes available for the cave fauna. The cave functionality depends, so, directly of the epigean food resources.

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Research Article Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Diversity and dynamics of microarthropods from different biotopes of Las Sardinas cave (Mexico) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1291/ Subterranean Biology 9: 113-126

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.9.2514

Authors: José Palacios-Vargas, Gabriela Castaño-Meneses, Daniel A. Estrada

Abstract: An ecological study of the microarthropod communities from Las Sardinas cave was undertaken. Four different biotopes were studied over the course of a year: bat guano, litter, soil under the chemoautotrophic bacteria colonies and as a control, plain soil without litter or guano. A total of 27,913 specimens of a total of 169 species were collected. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there is a significant effect of biotope on the recorded density, and the post hoc Tukey’s test showed that guano is the most different biotope with the highest value of density recorded. The interaction between season and biotope variables was not significant. In the most extreme case, 99 percent of the microarthropods in soil under chemoautotrophic bacteria were mites, mainly in the family Histiostomidae.

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Research Article Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
The groundwater oligochaetes (Annelida, Clitellata) of Slovenia https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1293/ Subterranean Biology 9: 85-102

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.9.2512

Authors: Narcisse Giani, Beatrice Sambugar, Enrique Martínez-Ansemil, Patrick Martin, Rüdiger M. Schmelz

Abstract: Historical data on the biodiversity of oligochaetes inhabiting ground waters of Slovenia depicted a fauna of 25 species, 19 of which are stygobiotic. Over about the last 35 years, faunistic surveys carried out in Slovenian ground waters has enabled us to conduct extensive studies on the oligochaete fauna of this environment. Three primary sources of information have been integrated to summarize in this paper: a campaign in Slovenian caves conducted by Fabio Stoch, a large collection of groundwater fauna made available to us by Boris Sket, and samples collected during the European project PASCALIS. The data derived from the examination of this large amount of material has enabled us to broaden our knowledge of the oligochaete diversity of Slovenia, increasing the number of species to one hundred, and has allowed us to summarize the biological diversity in Slovenian waters to be a substantial percentage of the known diversity present elsewhere in Europe. Endemic, rare and new species constitute a remarkable proportion of the stygobiotic oligochaete fauna. Among these, species of the genera Trichodrilus, Rhyacodrilus, Rhyacodriloides, Parvidrilus, Epirodrilus and Abyssidrilus are some of the most noteworthy taxa because of their endemicity, range-size, rarity, habitat selection, and/or taxonomic isolation (including phylogenetic relictuality).

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Research Article Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
New species of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) recorded from caves in Nevada, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1294/ Subterranean Biology 9: 73-84

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.9.2511

Authors: R. Henry Disney, Steven Taylor, Michael E. Slay, Jean K. Krejca

Abstract: Five new species of scuttle fly are reported from caves in Nevada, USA, namely Aenigmatias bakerae Disney, Megaselia excuniculus Disney, M. krejcae Disney, M. folliculorum Disney, M. necpleuralis Disney and a female Megaselia that can not be named until linked to its male.

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Research Article Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Tasmanian Trechinae and Psydrinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae): a taxonomic and biogeographic synthesis, with description of new species and evaluation of the impact of Quaternary climate changes on evolution of the subterranean fauna(3) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1295/ Subterranean Biology 9: 1-72

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.9.2516

Authors: Stefan Eberhard, Pier Mauro Giachino

Abstract: This paper provides taxonomic, distributional and ecological data for 59 species in 17 genera of Trechinae and Psydrinae from Tasmania, and describes 18 new species in six existing genera (Pterocyrtus, Tasmanorites, Sloanella, Trechistus, Goedetrechus, Tasmanotrechus) collected from caves, forest and montane habitats: Pterocyrtus grayi sp. nov., P. meridionalis sp. nov., Tasmanorites beatricis sp. nov., T. daccordii sp. nov., T. lynceorum sp. nov., T. microphthalmus sp. nov., Sloanella gordoni sp. nov., Trechistus gordoni sp. nov., Goedetrechus minutus sp. nov., G. rolani sp. nov., G. florentinus sp. nov., G. damperi sp. nov., Tasmanotrechus gordoni sp. nov., T. alticola sp. nov., T. montisfieldi sp. nov., T. osbornianus sp. nov., T. moorei sp. nov., T. rolani sp. nov. Forty-one (41) previously described species have been re-examined and illustrated with supplementary descriptions. New collection records combined with the published literature revealed 196 records of 83 species in 21 genera, collected from 41 localities (including 11 karst areas). Regional-scale survey coverage has been patchy and three biogeographic regions stand out as poorly surveyed: Flinders, South East, and Northern Midlands. Local-scale survey efforts have been intensive at just a few localities, the richest being 18 species recorded at Cradle Mountain. Seventeen (17) described species of Zolini and Trechini are troglobites with distribution ranges restricted to individual karst areas. Some karst areas and caves harbour multiple congeneric species which differ in their degree of troglomorphic specialization suggesting heterochronic colonisations, possibly linked to multiple Quaternary glacial / inter-glacial cycles. Palaeo-climatic and palaeo-vegetation evidence is examined to test the ‘Climatic Relict Hypothesis’ as a mechanism driving evolution of the subterranean fauna. It is proposed that present-day troglobitic Trechinae in Tasmania are derived from troglophilic progenitors that colonised subterranean habitats from adjacent forest ground litter habitats during Pleistocene inter-glacial periods, while retreat of forests during glacial periods isolated subterranean populations from surface populations facilitating troglogenesis. It is predicted that future collecting efforts will reveal many additional new subteranean species, including in non-karstic Shallow Subterranean Habitats (SSH).

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Research Article Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from caves in Alabama and Georgia, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1284/ Subterranean Biology 8: 65-67

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1233

Authors: R. Henry Disney, Joshua Campbell

Abstract: Four species of scuttle fl y are reported from caves in Alabama and Georgia.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200
A new subgenus and two new species of the troglobitic genus Dongodytes Deuve from Guangxi, China (Coleoptera, Carabidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1283/ Subterranean Biology 8: 57-64

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1232

Authors: Mingyi Tian

Abstract: In the present paper, a new subgenus and two new species of the cave-dwelling genus Dongodytes Deuve, 1993 are described and illustrated: Dongodytes (Dongodytodes) deharvengi, subgen. and sp. nov. and Dongodytes baxian, sp. nov. from Du’an Xian, North Guangxi, China.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200
The Mexican cavernicolous Pseudosinella (Collembola: Entomobryidae) with description of a new species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1282/ Subterranean Biology 8: 49-56

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1231

Authors: José Palacios-Vargas, Blanca Mejía Recamier

Abstract: A compilation of the information on the genus Pseudosinella from Mexican caves was undertaken and one new species from Puebla State is described and illustrated: P. rochezi, sp. nov. It is similar to P. bonita Christiansen, 1973 and displays typical troglomorphic characters. An identifi cation key for all Mexican cave species of the genus is presented.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200
A new species of the subterranean amphipod crustacean genus Stygobromus (Crangonyctidae) from a cave in Nevada, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1281/ Subterranean Biology 8: 39-48

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1230

Authors: Steven Taylor, John Holsinger

Abstract: Stygobromus albapinus, a new stygobiotic amphipod crustacean species in the family Crangonyctidae, is described from two pools in Model Cave in Great Basin National Park, White Pine County, Nevada, USA. The type specimens were collected on two different visits to the cave. The new species is assigned to the hubbsi group, bringing the number of described species in this group to 45, but many other provisionally recognized species assigned to this group remain undescribed. With exception of a single species from deep wells in southeastern Wisconsin, all other members of the hubbsi group are recorded from a wide variety of subterranean groundwater habitats (e.g., caves, springs, wells, etc.) in western North America, west of the Great Plains. Although the taxonomic affi nities of Stygobromus albapinus, n. sp. need further study, the species does appear to share several important morphological characters with a species from a cave in western Utah located approximately 300 km east-northeast of Model Cave.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200
The first record of external abnormalities in the subterranean Aegla marginata Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aeglidae), from a karst area of Southeastern Brazil https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1280/ Subterranean Biology 8: 33-38

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1228

Authors: Camile Fernandes, Rafael Gregati, Maria Bichuette

Abstract: The occurrence of a morphologically altered individual identifi ed as Aegla marginata is reported in this note. The specimen was found in the subterranean environment, as part of wider bioespeleological study. The observed abnormalities consist mainly of deformities in abdominal epimera, pleopods, telson and uropods, which could results in diffi culties for reproduction and escape from predators. Genetic or nutritional factors related to the scarce food supply observed in the cave environment are admitted as being the most probable cause of the deformities reported here. We emphasize the need of new studies in the area as well as efforts to preserve subterranean environment.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Composition and distribution of stygobionts in the Tafna alluvial aquifer (north-western Algeria) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1279/ Subterranean Biology 8: 21-32

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1227

Authors: Nouria Belaidi, Amina Taleb, Abdelhakim Mahi, Giuseppe Messana

Abstract: Little is known about the hypogean fauna of Algeria, with studies mostly dating to the beginning of the twentieth century (Gurney 1908; Racovitza 1912; Monod 1924; Pesce and Tetè 1978); moreover, the knowledge varies markedly among regions. In this study, we examined the composition and distribution of the invertebrate communities in the phreatic zone of the Tafna aquifer (N-W Algeria). Twelve wells close to the Tafna wadi, ranging between 120 and 1100 m a.s.l., were studied from May 2005 to March 2006. Many specimens belonging to 37 taxa were collected, the most frequent taxa being Typhlocirolana sp., a stygobitic Gammaridae species, Cyclopidae and Ostracoda. Other crustacean species were relatively scarce, with discontinuous distribution, being present only in a few wells. The taxonomic richness and abundance of stygobitic crustacean communities were relatively constant over time. The spatial distribution of stygobionts was mainly related to the exchanges with surface water.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Dandak: a mammalian dominated cave ecosystem of India https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/1277/ Subterranean Biology 8: 1-8

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.8.1224

Authors: Jayant Biswas, Shivam Shrotriya

Abstract: Perpetual darkness, high humidity with almost constant geophysical factors are some of the abiotic factors which make the cave ecosystem unique. For any species a high degree of adaptation is always needed to thrive in such an ecosystem. Mammals in general have never adapted to cave life but they can play a major role in the cave ecosystem. Structurally, the Dandak cave has two distinct chambers that are completely different from each other in several geophysical factors. Thus both the cave chambers offer two distinct types of ecological niche. In the present study we found that both chambers of this cave were dominated by mammals all year round. Additionally, the group of mammals using the outer chamber completely differs from the group using the inner one. Possible geophysical factors responsible for such differences are discussed.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0200